LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE DEFINED n Law enforcement intelligence is the end product of an analytic process n It includes the collection and assessment.

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Presentation transcript:

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE DEFINED n Law enforcement intelligence is the end product of an analytic process n It includes the collection and assessment of information about crimes and/or criminal enterprises Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE DEFINED n National security intelligence is the end product of an analytic process n Concerned with the relationship of the United States with foreign powers, organizations, and persons Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

IS ALL INFORMATION INTELLIGENCE? n No! n Until information is processed or analyzed it is simply data that may or may not be true, insightful, or relevant

INFORMATION PASSIVE INTELLIGENCE PROACTIVE > Forecasting > Correlations > Offer Suppositions Suppositions > Direct an Investigation Investigation or Inquiry or Inquiry Information Simply Awaits Access ANALYTIC PROCESSES Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

THE GOALS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE n Locate evidence n Identify contraband n Direct the allocation of resources

INTELLIGENCE IS CONCERNED WITH … Crime Investigation Apprehension Prosecution Service to Investigators Projections of Future Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

IS INTELLIGENCE USED IN EVERY CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION? n No n Intelligence is used in serious or complex cases n Intelligence may result in the initiation of an investigation

CaseArchaeologyCaseProgression CASE PATHOLOGY Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved. IntelligenceInitialization

EQUITY  Equitable enforcement of the law  Equal treatment under the Constitution  Equitable distribution of police services and resources EQUITY  Equitable enforcement of the law  Equal treatment under the Constitution  Equitable distribution of police services and resources n EFFECTIVENESS  Accomplishing your goals  Achieving planned and desired results EFFICIENCY  Not wasting resources  Providing “good value for money” EFFICIENCY  Not wasting resources  Providing “good value for money” CORNERSTONES OF INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

Obtaining and Integrating Information Obtaining and Integrating Information ROLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Identifying Crimes and Crime Trends Identifying Crimes and Crime Trends IdentifyingCriminalsIdentifyingCriminals DevelopingCasesDevelopingCases Providing Investigative Support Providing Projecting Crime Trends Projecting Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

SCOPE OF ANALYTIC ACTIVITY Macro-IntelligenceMicro-Intelligence CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAWINT Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

SCOPE OF ANALYTIC ACTIVITY Macro-IntelligenceMicro-Intelligence CRIMINAL CASE RESPONSIBILITY GeneralSpecialized CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAWINT Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

SCOPE OF ANALYTIC ACTIVITY Macro-IntelligenceMicro-Intelligence CRIMINAL CASE RESPONSIBILITY INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS GeneralSpecialized TacticalOperational Strategic CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAWINT Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE CrimeDrivenCrimeDriven Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE CrimeDrivenCrimeDrivenConstitutionalRigidityConstitutionalRigidity Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE CrimeDrivenCrimeDriven JudicialScrutinyJudicialScrutiny ConstitutionalRigidityConstitutionalRigidity Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE CrimeDrivenCrimeDriven Presidential Policy Driven Presidential JudicialScrutinyJudicialScrutiny ConstitutionalRigidityConstitutionalRigidity Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

n Public demand for police services, particularly 911 rapid-response services, is largely out of police control, thereby limiting abilities to do other work. n Police department resources are, in the main, already deployed to best advantage, efficiently and effectively. n Intelligence is a discretionary “add on” to the core job of policing. n Intelligence is a risky enterprise that is largely inefficient and “borders on the edge of unlawfulness.” POPULAR MYTHS ABOUT LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

THE IMPACT OF ON LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE n Executive Office of Homeland Security n USA Patriot Act of 2001

Need and Value of Intelligence Not Recognized Limited Body of Research Knowledge in Law Enforcement Intelligence as a Management Resource Not Recognized Paramilitary/Bureaucratic Police Structure Inhibits Intelligence Law Enforcement is Usually Reactive—Intelligence is Proactive Intelligence is Multidisciplinary— Policing Is Largely Unidisciplinary Past Abuses of Intelligence Make Police Defensive REASONS POLICE HAVE BEEN RELUCTANT TO CREATE FULL- SERVICE INTELUNITs Copyright © 2001 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

MANAGEMENT ISSUES n Unity of Command –Balancing competing interests –Political considerations n Staffing –Mixture of sworn and civilian employees –Role of civilians as advisors to sworn officers

ADVANTAGES OF CIVILIAN INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS n Characteristics, background, and education n “Street” experience may narrow an analyst’s view n Longevity in the unit n Analysts do not require law enforcement authority

DISADVANTAGES OF CIVILIAN ANALYSTS n Lack of mobility n Relationship to officers

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE n An organized process by which information is gathered, assessed, and distributed in order to fulfill the goals of the intelligence function n It is a method of performing analytic activities and placing the analysis in a usable form.

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE n Requirement n Collection n Evaluation n Collation n Analysis n Reporting n Dissemination

COLLECTION OvertSources InformationSegregation Source Reliability Information Validity EVALUATION COLLATION CovertSources Index & Storage ANALYSIS Conclusions Predictions Estimates REPORTING Tactical Strategic Periodic DISSEMINATION RoutineDistribution Response to Requests FEEDBACKANDRE-EVALUATION The Intelligence Cycle