Civil Rights Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African Americans. But disagreements among civil rights groups lead to a violent period for the civil rights movement. NEXT

Civil Rights SECTION 1 Taking on Segregation SECTION 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade Challenges and Changes in the Movement NEXT

Challenges and Changes in the Movement Section 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a violent period in the fight for civil rights. NEXT

Learning Objectives: Section 3 - Challenges and Changes in the Movement 1. Compare segregation in the North with segregation in the South. 2. Identify the leaders who shaped the Black Power movement. 3. Describe the reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 4. Summarize the accomplishments of the civil rights movement.

Challenges and Changes in the Movement 3 SECTION Challenges and Changes in the Movement African Americans Seek Greater Equality Northern Segregation • De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North • De jure segregation is segregation required by law • WW II black migration to Northern cities results in “white flight” • 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances • Black unemployment twice as high as white • Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police officers Continued . . . NEXT

Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3 1. What is the main difference between de facto and de jure segregation? De facto segregation exists by practice and custom; de jure segregation exists by law.

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS A – How were civil rights problems in Northern cities similar to those in the South? Both Northern and Southern blacks experienced poverty and inferior schools, and their civil rights demands were met with white anger and violence and police brutality.

3 SECTION continued African Americans Seek Greater Equality Urban Violence Erupts Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians - many result in riots Many whites baffled by African-American rage Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education Money for War on Poverty, Great Society redirected to Vietnam War NEXT

Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3 2. How did the ideas of SNCC differ from those of the Nation of Islam? SNCC believed in nonviolent civil disobedience and racial harmony. The Nation of Islam believed that whites were evil and that blacks should separate from white society; it advocated the use of armed self­ defense

New Leaders Voice Discontent 3 SECTION New Leaders Voice Discontent African-American Solidarity • Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites - believe whites source of black problems • Malcolm X—controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity • Frightens whites, moderate blacks; resented by other Black Muslims Ballots or Bullets? Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech Continued . . . NEXT

Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3 3. How did the early views of Malcolm X differ from his later ideas? Early on, Malcolm X believed in the teachings of the Nation of Islam; later, his attitude toward whites softened, and he advocated the use of ballots over bullets

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS B – What were some of the causes of urban rioting in the 1960’s? De facto segregation, police brutality, rundown communities and schools, and high unemployment.

Black Power Black Panthers 3 SECTION continued New Leaders Voice Discontent Black Power • CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics • Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power: - African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites Black Panthers • Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency • Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police • Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support NEXT

Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3 4. What changes took place in Stokely Carmichael’s membership in civil rights organizations? Carmichael was an organizer for SNCC and later became a Black Panther

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS C – Why did some Americans find Malcolm X’s views alarming? He blamed black poverty and social inferiority on whites and advocates armed resistance to white oppression.

1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights 3 SECTION 1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights King’s Death King objects to Black Power movement, preaching of violence Seems to sense own death in Memphis speech to striking workers Is shot, dies the following day, April 4, 1968 Reactions to King’s Death King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S. history - over 100 cities affected Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later NEXT

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS D – Why did some leaders of SCLC disagree with SNCC? SCLC leaders worried that calls for Black Power would provoke black violence and alienate whites.

Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement 3 SECTION Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement Causes of Violence • Kerner Commission names racism as main cause of urban violence Civil Rights Gains • Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in housing More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs More African-American participation in movies, television Increased voter registration results in more black elected officials Continued . . . NEXT

Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3 5. How did the ideas of SNCC differ from those of the Black Panthers? SNCC believed in nonviolent civil disobedience and racial harmony; the Black Panthers advocated Black Nationalism, black power, and armed revolt

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS E – Why was the public reaction to the Black Panthers mixed? Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence; Some poor African Americans benefited from their community programs.

3 SECTION continued Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement Unfinished Work Forced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots reduce white support White flight reverses much progress toward school integration Unemployment, poverty higher than for whites • Affirmative action—extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups 1960s, colleges, companies doing government business adopt policy Late 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse discrimination NEXT

Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3 6. What gains were made by the civil rights and Black Power movements? Identify four. ended de jure segregation; the integration of educational facilities; the growth of affirmative action programs significant increase in African American voters; greater visibility of African Americans in movies and on TV; new college programs in African­ American history and literature; a significant increase in the number of elected African-American officials; the passage of civil rights laws; an increased awareness of de facto segregation; increased pride and awareness of racial identity among many African Americans; significant increases in the number of African Americans who finished high school and went to college;

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS F – What were some accomplishments of the civil rights movement? End of legalized segregation; Increased pride in racial identity; Protection of civil rights and voting rights; More African Americans voters, elected officials, More high school, and college graduates. They secured through the civil rights movement, which helped change national opinion, and through resulting federal intervention and passage of federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965.