29 Civil Rights Taking on Segregation The Triumphs of a Crusade QUIT 29 C H A P T E R Civil Rights CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE SECTION 1 Taking on Segregation SECTION 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade MAP GRAPH SECTION 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement VISUAL SUMMARY

HOME 29 C H A P T E R Civil Rights CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To understand the African-American struggle for civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s

29 Civil Rights I N T E R A C T What rights are worth fighting for? HOME 29 C H A P T E R Civil Rights I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y The year is 1960, and segregation divides the nation’s people. African Americans are denied access to jobs and housing and are refused service at restaurants and stores. But the voices of the oppressed rise up in the churches and in the streets, demanding civil rights for all Americans. What rights are worth fighting for? Examine the Issues • Are all Americans entitled to the same civil rights? • What are the risks of demanding rights? • Why might some people fight against equal rights?

29 Civil Rights The United States The World continued . . . HOME C H A P T E R Civil Rights TIME LINE The United States The World 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision orders the desegregation of public schools. 1955 Montgomery bus boycott begins. 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower is reelected. 1956 Suez Canal crisis occurs in Egypt. 1957 School desegregation crisis occurs in Little Rock, Arkansas. 1957 African nation of Ghana wins independence. 1959 Fidel Castro assumes power in Cuba. 1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president. 1962 South African civil rights leader Nelson Mandela is imprisoned. 1963 Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president upon John F. Kennedy’s assassination. continued . . .

29 Civil Rights The United States The World HOME TIME LINE C H A P T E R Civil Rights TIME LINE The United States The World 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president. Congress passes the Civil Rights Act. 1966 Cultural Revolution begins in China. 1967 Race riots occur in major U.S. cities. 1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated. 1968 Tet offensive begins in Vietnam. 1969 U.S. astronauts walk on the moon. 1970 President Nasser of Egypt dies.

1 Taking on Segregation KEY IDEA S E C T I O N 1 Taking on Segregation HOME KEY IDEA African Americans use strong organization and nonviolent tactics to confront the South’s policies of segregation and racial inequality. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

1 Taking on Segregation OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 1 Taking on Segregation HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s. Landmark Supreme Court decisions beginning in 1954 have guaranteed civil rights for Americans today. TERMS & NAMES • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • Martin Luther King, Jr. • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Rosa Parks • sit-in • Thurgood Marshall ASSESSMENT

Challenging Segregation S E C T I O N 1 Taking on Segregation HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Give examples of tactics, organizations, leaders, and Supreme Court decisions of the civil rights movement up to 1960. NAACP SCLC SNCC CORE Morgan v. Virginia Sweatt v. Painter Brown v. Board of Education Court Decisions Supreme Organizations Challenging Segregation Thurgood Marshall Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Ella Baker Jo Ann Gibson Robinson nonviolent resistance legal action Tactics Leaders continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 Taking on Segregation HOME ASSESSMENT 2. Do you think the nonviolence used by civil rights activists was a good tactic? Think About: • the Montgomery bus boycott • television coverage of events • sit-ins ANSWER Nonviolent protests, such as the Montgomery bus boycott and sit-ins, alerted people to the problem of racism while capturing their sympathy; television coverage depicted the extent of the problem. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 Taking on Segregation HOME ASSESSMENT 3. How did the tactics of the student protesters from SNCC differ from those of the boycotters in Montgomery? ANSWER The students confronted businesses that had segregationist policies instead of boycotting them. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 1 Taking on Segregation HOME ASSESSMENT 4. After the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling, what do you think was the most significant event of the civil rights movement prior to 1960? Why? Think About: • the role of civil rights leaders • the results of confrontations and boycotts • the role of grassroots organizations ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: the crisis at Little Rock, because it forced the government to act the Montgomery bus boycott, which brought Martin Luther King, Jr., into a leadership role End of Section 1

The Triumphs of a Crusade S E C T I O N 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade MAP HOME KEY IDEA Civil rights activists break down numerous racial barriers through continued social protest and prompting of landmark legislation. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

The Triumphs of a Crusade S E C T I O N 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade MAP HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Civil rights activists break down numerous racial barriers through continued social protest and prompting of landmark legislation. Activism pushed the federal government to end segregation and ensure voting rights for African Americans. TERMS & NAMES • Freedom Summer • Fannie Lou Hamer • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • freedom riders • James Meredith ASSESSMENT

The Triumphs of a Crusade S E C T I O N 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the steps that African Americans took to desegregate buses and schools from 1962 to 1965. 1965 Voting Rights Act passed. 1964 Johnson signs Civil Rights Act. 1963 Protests, boycotts, and media coverage force Birmingham to end segregation. Kennedy orders troops to desegregate the University of Alabama. March on Washington takes place. 1962 A federal court case allows James Meredith to enroll in the University of Mississippi. continued . . .

The Triumphs of a Crusade S E C T I O N 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 2. What assumptions and beliefs do you think guided the fierce opposition to the civil rights movement in the South? Think About: • the social and political structure of the South • Mississippi governor Ross Barnett’s comment during his radio address • the actions of police and some white Southerners ANSWER Many white Southerners considered blacks to be members of an inferior race—an attitude that dated back to the use of enslaved Africans. Southerners feared a backlash if African Americans gained equal rights. Some, like Governor Barnett, viewed the battle for segregation as a war. Police and others often acted accordingly, with violence. continued . . .

The Triumphs of a Crusade S E C T I O N 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Just after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, white Alabama governor George Wallace said, “ It is ironical that this event occurs as we approach the celebration of Independence Day. On that day we won our freedom. On this day we have largely lost it.” What do you think Wallace meant by his statement? ANSWER Wallace apparently felt that the gaining of equal rights by African Americans would diminish the freedom of Southerners to do as they pleased and to maintain the kind of society and political structure to which Southerners were accustomed. End of Section 2

Challenges and Changes in the Movement S E C T I O N 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement GRAPH HOME KEY IDEA The civil rights movement turns north, new leaders emerge, and the movement becomes more militant, thus leaving behind a mixed legacy. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Challenges and Changes in the Movement S E C T I O N 3 GRAPH HOME Challenges and Changes in the Movement OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights. From the fight for equality came a resurgence of racial pride for African Americans, a legacy that influences today’s generations. TERMS & NAMES • de facto segregation • de jure segregation • Nation of Islam • affirmative action • Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Kerner Commission • Stokely Carmichael • Black Power • Malcolm X • Black Panthers ASSESSMENT

Challenges and Changes in the Movement S E C T I O N 3 GRAPH HOME Challenges and Changes in the Movement ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five key events of the civil rights movement. Feb. 1965 Oct. 1966 Malcolm X assassinated Black Panthers founded July 1964 Aug. 1965 April 1968 Harlem riots Watts riots in Los Angeles Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated continued . . .

Challenges and Changes in the Movement S E C T I O N 3 GRAPH HOME Challenges and Changes in the Movement ASSESSMENT 2. What factors contributed to the outbreak of violence in the fight for civil rights? Think About: • different leaders’ approach to civil rights issues • living conditions in urban areas • de facto and de jure segregation ANSWER Malcolm X, Black Panthers, and others’ philosophy of violent protests; African Americans’ reaction to the assassination of civil rights leaders; backlash against white racist acts; poor living and working conditions, especially in urban areas; difficulty in eradicating de facto segregation in the North continued . . .

Challenges and Changes in the Movement S E C T I O N 3 GRAPH HOME Challenges and Changes in the Movement ASSESSMENT 3. Compare and contrast the civil rights strategies of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Whose strategies do you think were more effective? ANSWER Both wanted civil rights and greater opportunities. King preached racial equality. Malcolm X preached black separatism and armed self-defense. Effectiveness: King, because his demonstrations caused civil rights legislation to be passed; Malcolm X, because he urged African Americans to fight back. End of Section 3