29.3 NEW CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS Lesson Objective: to understand the new movements in the Civil Rights Era

NORTHERN SEGREGATION Major African-American migrations from South to North had occurred at different times: After Civil War (1860’s/70’s) During WW II Why then? Reconstruction violence / creation of Jim Crow after Civil War Industrial job opportunities during WW II MOST NORTHERN STATES were segregated, BUT NOT BY LAW de facto segregation de jure segregation Problem: Post-WW II economic boom & consumerism caused “White Flight”, which left cities in decay African-Amer. population lived primarily in cities Urban decay leaves urban disadvantage Urban facilities (Schools, housing, etc.) deteriorates So…urban life deteriorates

URBAN PROBLEMS Urban decay left urban African- American population living in very poor conditions: LBJ’s Great Society had promised $ for urban renewal & other programs Problem? Late 1960’s: Vietnam War siphons off $ originally designated for Great Society So…urban problems are left unsolved Result? Riots ; Examples? 1964: Harlem, NYC 1965: Watts, LA, California – 34 killed, $30 Million in property lost MLK: “The promise of the Great Society has been shot down on the battlefields of Vietnam”

NEW CIVIL RIGHTS GROUPS Malcolm X: Spokesman for The Nation of Islam Where did the name “X” originate? His background: The Nation of Islam: Led by Elijah Muhammad Basic ideas: Whites were the cause of Black problems Black society should separate from White society How does this contrast what we’ve seen in Civil Rights? Malcolm X is most gifted speaker in N.O.I. Basic theme: Armed self-defense of Black society was necessary & justified There could be no joining of the two societies

Elijah Muhammad, N.O.I. leader

MALCOLM X

NEW CIVIL RIGHTS GROUPS PROBLEM: Malcolm Xs call for armed struggle frightens moderate black leaders Some in N.O.I. leadership suspicious of his popularity 1964: Malcolm X travels to Mecca, Saudi Arabia Changes his views on white-black relations Breaks w/N.O.I. Black Muslim leadership view this as threat to them 1965: Malcolm X assassinated in Harlem, NYC

NEW CIVIL RIGHTS GROUPS THE BLACK PANTHERS: Origins Founded in Oakland, CA, 1966 Founders: Bobby Seale, Huey Newton Why? Same Civil Rights issues that other groups opposed Police brutality, violence against black community in Oakland was notorious Basic Idea: “Black Power” Means What? Black leadership should take control of black communities, neighborhoods Black men should be exempt from military service; Why? Believed armed revolt might be necessary Studied the organization principles of China’s Mao Zedong “All Power flows from the barrel of a gun” Later joined by Stokeley Charmichael of SNCC Shootouts, confrontations w/police occur, but no widespread armed revolt

Bobby Seale & Huey Newton, Black Panther founders

Black Panther Logo

MORE VIOLENCE April, 1968: MLK assassinated Where? Memphis, TN Who? James Earl Ray (Right top) Why? Ray is white supremacist June, 1968: RFK is Dem. Pres. Candidate RFK assassinated Where? LA Who? Sirhan Sirhan (Right below) Why? Sirhan is Jordanian militant angered by RFKs support of Israel

MLK & RFK,1968

Question Compare and Contrast the views of Martin Luther King Jr. and the beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement with the views of the New Civil Rights groups such as the Nation of Islam and Black Panthers. What brought about these changes?