Chapter 21- The Civil Rights Movement

I. Taking on Segregation A. Segregation System 1. Plessy v. Ferguson- established “separate but equal” a. passage of Jim Crow laws separating the races A. Segregation System 1. Plessy v. Ferguson- established “separate but equal” a. passage of Jim Crow laws separating the races

B. Challenging Segregation in Court 1. Legal Strategy of NAACP- blatant inequality in segregated schools a. nation spent 10x as much on white schools as black schools b. Thurgood Marshall- placed in control of legal team. 1. Morgan v. Virginia, 1946 B. Challenging Segregation in Court 1. Legal Strategy of NAACP- blatant inequality in segregated schools a. nation spent 10x as much on white schools as black schools b. Thurgood Marshall- placed in control of legal team. 1. Morgan v. Virginia, 1946

School segregation before Brown v. Board of Education

2. Sweatt v. Painter 3. Gaines v. Missouri 2. Brown v. Board of Education a. class action lawsuit b. 14th Amendment; Equal Protection Clause c. “detrimental effect upon colored children by generating feeling of inferiority” 2. Sweatt v. Painter 3. Gaines v. Missouri 2. Brown v. Board of Education a. class action lawsuit b. 14th Amendment; Equal Protection Clause c. “detrimental effect upon colored children by generating feeling of inferiority”

C. Reaction to the Brown Decision 1. Resistance to School Integration a. implement decision with “deliberate speed” b. Southern Manifesto- 90 members of Congress denouncing court ruling C. Reaction to the Brown Decision 1. Resistance to School Integration a. implement decision with “deliberate speed” b. Southern Manifesto- 90 members of Congress denouncing court ruling

2. Crisis in Little Rock a. Politics at its finest- Gov. Orval Faubus up for reelection b. 9 students denied desegregation of Central High School c. Eisenhower forced to call in paratroopers to desegregate 2. Crisis in Little Rock a. Politics at its finest- Gov. Orval Faubus up for reelection b. 9 students denied desegregation of Central High School c. Eisenhower forced to call in paratroopers to desegregate

d. helped lead to passage of Civil Rights Act of Gave federal gov’t. authority over violations of voting rights. 2. Led by LBJ d. helped lead to passage of Civil Rights Act of Gave federal gov’t. authority over violations of voting rights. 2. Led by LBJ

D. The Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. Dec. 1, led by? 2. Montgomery Improvement Association- created to organize boycott a. Leader of the group? D. The Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. Dec. 1, led by? 2. Montgomery Improvement Association- created to organize boycott a. Leader of the group?

days African Americans refused to ride the buses a. Dec. 21, 1956 E. Dr. King and the SCLC 1. Changing the world with Soul Force a. “soul force” days African Americans refused to ride the buses a. Dec. 21, 1956 E. Dr. King and the SCLC 1. Changing the world with Soul Force a. “soul force”

b. methods were questioned- Emmett Till 2. Grassroots effort a. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): purpose was to carry out nonviolent protest b. methods were questioned- Emmett Till 2. Grassroots effort a. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): purpose was to carry out nonviolent protest

b. 65 branches set up throughout the South. c. SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- “snick” b. 65 branches set up throughout the South. c. SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- “snick”

F. The Movement Spreads 1. Demonstrating for Freedom a. Sit-ins- b cities desegregated lunch counters F. The Movement Spreads 1. Demonstrating for Freedom a. Sit-ins- b cities desegregated lunch counters

II. The Triumphs of the Crusade A. Riding for Freedom 1. New Volunteers: attempts to integrate bus terminals a. Birmingham, Alabama b. Bull Connor c. Going to Montgomery- 1. Media attention aided the cause A. Riding for Freedom 1. New Volunteers: attempts to integrate bus terminals a. Birmingham, Alabama b. Bull Connor c. Going to Montgomery- 1. Media attention aided the cause

B. Standing Firm 1. Integrating Ole Miss a. James Meredith admitted as first black student b. Gov. Ross Barnett refused admittance c. federal marshals called in; 15 hours of campus riots followed B. Standing Firm 1. Integrating Ole Miss a. James Meredith admitted as first black student b. Gov. Ross Barnett refused admittance c. federal marshals called in; 15 hours of campus riots followed

2. Heading to Birmingham a. Friday, April 12, 1963 Dr. King led protestors to the streets = arrested b. May 2nd- more than a 1,000 children marched ; 959 arrested c. May 3rd- 2nd “children’s crusade = fire hoses, dogs, etc. 1. Again media attention 2. Heading to Birmingham a. Friday, April 12, 1963 Dr. King led protestors to the streets = arrested b. May 2nd- more than a 1,000 children marched ; 959 arrested c. May 3rd- 2nd “children’s crusade = fire hoses, dogs, etc. 1. Again media attention

3. Kennedy takes a stand a. June 11, 1963 Kennedy addressed the nation and demanded passage of the Civil Rights Act b. Medger Evers- NAACP member/WWII vet. 3. Kennedy takes a stand a. June 11, 1963 Kennedy addressed the nation and demanded passage of the Civil Rights Act b. Medger Evers- NAACP member/WWII vet.

C. Marching to Washington 1. Dream of Equality: a. August 28, ,000 people converged on D.C. b. “I Have a Dream” 2. More Violence a. Four Little Girls (Birmingham, Al) b. JFK C. Marching to Washington 1. Dream of Equality: a. August 28, ,000 people converged on D.C. b. “I Have a Dream” 2. More Violence a. Four Little Girls (Birmingham, Al) b. JFK

b. Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. 1. Desegregated public accommodations D. Fighting for Voting Rights 1. Freedom Summer: 1,000 volunteers in Mississippi to help SNCC register voters a. death of 3 volunteers b. Robert Moses- headed effort b. Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. 1. Desegregated public accommodations D. Fighting for Voting Rights 1. Freedom Summer: 1,000 volunteers in Mississippi to help SNCC register voters a. death of 3 volunteers b. Robert Moses- headed effort

2. The Selma Campaign a. Selma- blacks accounted for over 1/2 of pop. But 3% of vote. b. SCLC and SNCC organized major voter reg. drive c. violent reaction of whites d. March 7, 1965 march from Selma to Montgomery began 2. The Selma Campaign a. Selma- blacks accounted for over 1/2 of pop. But 3% of vote. b. SCLC and SNCC organized major voter reg. drive c. violent reaction of whites d. March 7, 1965 march from Selma to Montgomery began

e. violent reaction of whites live on TV. 1. “We Shall Overcome” f. March 31, ,000 marchers ascended on Montgomery 3. Voting Rights Act of 1965: eliminated literacy test and allowed for federal voting referees. e. violent reaction of whites live on TV. 1. “We Shall Overcome” f. March 31, ,000 marchers ascended on Montgomery 3. Voting Rights Act of 1965: eliminated literacy test and allowed for federal voting referees.

III. Challenges and Changes in the Movement A. African Americans Seek Greater Equality 1. Northern Segregation: a. de facto segregation b. de jure segregation 1. Which may be more difficult to overcome? 2. Eruption of Urban Violence a. New York City A. African Americans Seek Greater Equality 1. Northern Segregation: a. de facto segregation b. de jure segregation 1. Which may be more difficult to overcome? 2. Eruption of Urban Violence a. New York City

b. Watts 1. Most involved police v. young African Americans c. call for economic equality- jobs, housing, education b. Watts 1. Most involved police v. young African Americans c. call for economic equality- jobs, housing, education

B. New Leaders Voice Discontent 1. African-American solidarity a. Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam 1. Blacks should create separate society 2. Armed self defense b. negative effects of publicity for Malcolm X B. New Leaders Voice Discontent 1. African-American solidarity a. Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam 1. Blacks should create separate society 2. Armed self defense b. negative effects of publicity for Malcolm X

Malcolm X Elijah Muhammed

2. Ballots or Bullets? a. a changed Malcolm X b. Feb. 21, 1965 Malcolm X gunned down giving speech in Harlem. 3. Black Power a. “We Shall Overcome” v. We Shall Overrun” 2. Ballots or Bullets? a. a changed Malcolm X b. Feb. 21, 1965 Malcolm X gunned down giving speech in Harlem. 3. Black Power a. “We Shall Overcome” v. We Shall Overrun”

b. black power- call for black people to begin to define their own goals. 4. Black Panthers: 1966 political party to fight police brutality a. “program for the people”- control of communities, employment, housing, and no military draft. b. “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun” b. black power- call for black people to begin to define their own goals. 4. Black Panthers: 1966 political party to fight police brutality a. “program for the people”- control of communities, employment, housing, and no military draft. b. “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”

C A Turning Point 1. Death of MLK, Jr.- April 4, 1968 King shot by James Earl Ray a. worst urban rioting in history followed b. June RFK killed C A Turning Point 1. Death of MLK, Jr.- April 4, 1968 King shot by James Earl Ray a. worst urban rioting in history followed b. June RFK killed

B. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement 1. Kerner Commission- studied causes of urban violence a. white racism b. called for new jobs, housing, and end to de facto segregation B. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement 1. Kerner Commission- studied causes of urban violence a. white racism b. called for new jobs, housing, and end to de facto segregation

2. Civil Rights Gains: a. end of de jure segregation 1. Civil Rights Act of 1968 b. pride in racial identity c. political gains v. 1992; Today!!!! 3. Unfinished work: a. Affirmative Action- special efforts to hire/enroll groups that have suffered from discrimination. 2. Civil Rights Gains: a. end of de jure segregation 1. Civil Rights Act of 1968 b. pride in racial identity c. political gains v. 1992; Today!!!! 3. Unfinished work: a. Affirmative Action- special efforts to hire/enroll groups that have suffered from discrimination.

b. Reverse discrimination 1. University of California v. Bakke 2. Grutter v. Bollinger, 2003 b. Reverse discrimination 1. University of California v. Bakke 2. Grutter v. Bollinger, 2003