European Explorations The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 Flat World idea is a myth!

Motives for European Exploration Crusades and later Ottoman invasion  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Portuguese Maritime Empire Exploring the west coast of Africa. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut.

Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

Horrible History: Christopher Columbus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmwriy3a6sc

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Realization of a “New World” “In passed days I wrote very fully to you of my return from new countries, which have been found and explored with the ships, at the cost and by the command of this Most Serene King of Portugal; and it is lawful to call it a new world, because none of these countries were known to our ancestors and all who hear about them they will be entirely new. For the opinion of the ancients was, that the greater part of the world beyond the equinoctial line to the south was not land, but only sea, which they have called the Atlantic; and even if they have affirmed that any continent is there, they have given many reasons for denying it is inhabited. But this opinion is false, and entirely opposed to the truth. My last voyage has proved it, for I have found a continent in that southern part; full of animals and more populous than our Europe, or Asia, or Africa, and even more temperate and pleasant than any other region known to us.” -Amerigo Vespucci, 1503

Other Voyages of Exploration

Crash Course, 15th and 16th century mariners http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Maya

Aztec

Inca

Horrible Histories: Incas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDfO6L5_OlQ

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Hernan Cortez Montezuma II

How was conquest achieved? Disease Technology/warfare strategies Alliances End of the world predicted and initial friendly welcome. Accidental conqueror theory: Jared Diamond

How was conquest achieved? Disease: small pox, 2/3 dead Europeans domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox

Technology

Division among the people

End of the world predicted

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Other Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1533) vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony! Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

Lets play… New World or Old World! Ready?

Tomato: New World or Old World? New world! Europeans resisted eating them at first for fear that they were poisonous!

Pigs: New World or Old World? Old world! Pigs were first brought to South America in the 16th century, but Brazil now has the world’s third highest pig population!

Potato: New World or Old World? New world! They became one of the most important foods in Europe after their import!

Coffee: New World or Old World? Old World! Originally from Africa, Coffee was not brought to the new world since the 17th century.

Sugar Cane: New World or Old World? Old World! Originally from Asia, sugar was brought to the new world in the 18th century.

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough

But maybe most important was the potato which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize. However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.

Treasures from the Americas!

The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans. Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542, ignored and led to more African slavery

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease and slavery. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”] Deepened colonial rivalries and belief in mercantilism.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

http://flocabulary.com/conquistadors-and-slavery/