The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA                                        

Balkans have been a part of several different empires

Josip Broz Tito “Brotherhood and Unity”

A popular refrain: “Yugoslavia has 7 neighbors 6 republics 5 nationalities 4 official languages 3 major religions 2 alphabets 1 dinar (national currency)

Major Religious Groups Catholics Orthodox Islam Protestants

Patterns of Ethnic Settlement Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up Slovene/Catholic 91% Croat/Catholic 3% Serb/E Ortho 2% Croat/Catholic 78% Serb/E Ortho 12% Muslims (43.7%) Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %) Serb/ E Ortho 63% Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6% Albanian/Muslim 14% Hungarian/Catholic 4% Bosnia: 40% of urban couples ethnically mixed Patterns of Ethnic Settlement Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up 66% Macedonian/E Ortho 23% Albanian/Muslim 2% Serb/E Ortho 4% Turk/Muslim

Which is a more appropriate goal? To protect state sovereignty? Borders? To allow all groups to have self-determination and independent nations?

Bosnia Geographically it’s in the middle Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority Muslims (43.7%) Croats (17.3%) Serbs (31.4 %) The population consisted of large ethnic groups Linked to Serbia and Croatia Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

According to Donnelly why was the genocide not stopped?

IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace

ETHNIC MIX BEFORE THE WAR

After Dayton Accords Before the War

BOSNIA Declares independence, too Bosnian Serbs declare an independent Serb state and lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia 1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993

Women and Elderly Fleeing Srebrenica with UN watching

Mass Graves Uncovered Where the Men From Srebrenica Ended Up

Back to original dilemma… What are the conflicting values?

International Role in Yugoslavia Neo-isolationist or Internationalist? Cooperative or Military Interventionist?

International Role in Yugoslavia Sept 1991 UN arms embargo on Yugoslavia Oct 1991 Sec’y General sends special envoy (Vance) negotiate a short cease-fire Feb 1992 Deploy UNPROFOR (14,000 soldiers) to ensure that areas vacated by Serbian army are protected assist humanitarian agencies assist displaced persons in getting home

November 1992 send UN troops to Macedonia (1st preventive action ever) February 1993 establish International Criminal tribunal

June 1993 increase UNPROFOR size authorize use of force (including air strikes) Feb. 1994 NATO authorizes air strikes to deter attacks on civilians in Sarajevo April 1994 Contact Group forms to draw up peaceful settlement US, UK, Germany, France, Russia

What guidelines should determine when the U. S What guidelines should determine when the U.S. gets involved in the affairs of other countries?

With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policy Fear precedent of break-up US and West was focused on Persian Gulf WEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination

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Ethnic and Religious Make-up Slovenia (West) Slovene/Catholic 91% Croat/Catholic 3% Serb/E Ortho 2% Croatia (West) Croat/Catholic 78% Serb/E Ortho 12% Macedonia (East) 66% Macedonian/E Ortho 23% Albanian/Muslim 2% Serb/E Ortho 4% Turk/Muslim Serbia and Montenegro (incorporated Vojvodina and Kosovo) (East) Serb/ E Ortho 63% Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6% Albanian/Muslim 14% Hungarian/Catholic 4% Bosnia and Hercegovina (Central) Muslims (43.7%) Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)