The Great War: World War I: The Slaughter of the Finest Ms. Soto Define the following terms: Imperialism 2. Militarism 3. Nationalism 4. Alliances

Militarism: Glorification of the military. Imperialism: Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. Imperialism led to: Militarism: Glorification of the military. Militarism led to: Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. Nationalism led to: Aspirations for independence in a country under foreign domination and Alliances

General Information… Map of Europe greatly changed. Called the “Great War” or “The War to end all Wars” Started on July 28, 1914 Ended on November 11, 1918 Almost 8,000,000 dead. *** Russia the most = 1.7 million Almost 22,000,000 wounded….. Map of Europe greatly changed.

The 20th Century Begins As the 20th century opened, Europe was brimming with tension. On the surface, all appeared calm. But underneath, the forces of nationalism, imperialism, and militarism helped fuel an intense competition among European nations. In 1914, these forces—along with a set of complex military alliances—led to a war that engulfed all of Europe and eventually touched nearly every corner of the world. After four years of fighting, the Allied Powers, led by France, Britain, and the United States, defeated the Central Powers, comprised mainly of Germany and Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire. The conflict, which saw the first use of so much advanced weaponry, devastated Europe. The war left millions dead and millions more wounded. It also left behind a peace treaty that only increased many nations’ bitterness toward one another.

The Great War WW I WORLD WAR I Immediate Causes Long-Term Causes Nationalism spurs competition among European nations. Imperialism deepens national rivalries. Militarism leads to large standing armies. The alliance system divides Europe into two rival camps. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 prompts Austria to declare war on Serbia. The alliance system requires nations to support their allies. European countries declare war on one another. WORLD WAR I

Mapping the Alliances 1914

The Alliance System in 1914 Allies (Triple Entente*) Great Britain* France* Russia* Italy (changed sides from Triple Alliance) United States (entered the war in 1917) Central Powers (Triple Alliance*) Germany* Austria Hungary* Italy* (later changed sides)1915 Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

Mapping the Alliances 1914-1918

Conflicting National Interests Set the Stage for War Imperialism New Advances in military weapons Triple Alliance – Bismarck feared that France would seek revenge for its defeat in the Franco Prussian war of 1871 by trying to regain Alsace-Lorraine. 1879: Dual Alliance – Bismarck tried to prevent a France-Russian alliance that would harm them in Germany. Germany and Austria Hungary join forces.

Triple Alliance - Italy requested a pact with Germany and Austria Hungary. This treaty served to isolate France. Triple Entente – Russia Borrowed money from France after losing a war to Japan. 1894: Russia and France form an alliance. Great Britain seeks allies to stop German navy from usurping its dominance of the seas. British and French reach an agreement over control of Morocco (France) and Egypt (Great Britain).

Great Britain and Russia sign an agreement ending rivalry in Middle East. BALKAN POWDER KEG Austria-Hungary controls Bosnia Many people of Serbian descent live in Bosnia Serbia is trying to expand it territory just like everyone else. Serbia decides that Bosnia should be a part of Serbia. Serbia is landlocked and wants a way to the sea Taking control of Bosnia gives them sea access. Serbia decides to begin a revolution in Bosnia hoping for Serbs to take control.

Russia, hoping to assume leadership of a Slavic league, supported Serbia’s goals. Who is allied with Russia? France and Great Britain. Who is allied with Austria-Hungary, controller of Bosnia? Germany and Italy June 28, 1914: Bosnian Serbs assassinate Archduke Ferdinand and wife Sofia in Sarajevo, Bosnia. War is Declared!!!

How did Americans feel? Public opinion about the war was strong but divided. Socialists saw the war as a imperialist struggle. Pacifists believed that all wars were bad and urged U.S. to set an example for peace. Many naturalized U.S. citizens still had ties to the countries they came from and would sympathized with them.

The United States Stays Neutral Americans thought of World War I as a European conflict with little effect on their country. Just after the war broke out, President Wilson declared that the U.S. would stay neutral. Wilson’s decision reflected the U.S.’s longstanding policy of isolationism, or not being involved in foreign affairs. Privately, Wilson favored the Allied cause because Germany's tactics and invasion of Belgium was worrisome. The U.S. also had greater political, cultural, and commercial ties to Great Britain and France than to Germany. Financially, the U.S. did more business with the Allies. The British fleet blockaded German ports and transportation routes, and few American businesses could sell goods to German forces. Doing business with the Allies was easier, and by 1917 Britain purchased nearly $75 million worth of war goods each week.

The War Hits Home How did the war affect Americans? The British Blockade The War affected American shipping Great Britain set up a blockage along the German coast to keep goods from getting through. American ships would not challenge. German U-Boat Response Germany suffered because of the British blockade, so it developed small submarines called U-boats to strike back at the British. U-boats are named after the German for “undersea boat.” In February 1915 the German government declared the waters around Great Britain a war zone, threatening to destroy all enemy ships. Germany warned the U.S. that neutral ships might be attacked. The German plan for unrestricted submarine warfare angered Americans, and Wilson believed it violated the laws of neutrality. Wilson held Germany accountable for American losses. America’s Involvement In 1915, Germany sank a luxury passenger ship to Great Britain called the Lusitania, killing many, including 128 Americans Americans were outraged, and Wilson demanded an end to unrestricted submarine warfare. The Germans agreed to attack only supply ships but later sank the French passenger ship Sussex, killing 80 people including Americans.

Why Ww Why DID THE USA ENTER WW I? For 3 years the U.S. stayed Neutral but was dragged into the conflict in 1917. USA didn’t want to fight an English Democracy German SUBMARINE Warfare, (U-boats sinking U.S. ships) Sinking of the Lusitannia- 128 Americans died British Propaganda against Central Powers Zimmerman Note- letter to Mexico from Germans asking Mexico to enter War against USA. Russia was defeated, Now Central Powers could defeat the Allies and win the War. The USA then declared war on the Central Powers. Why Ww

How America Tips the Balance of Power in WW I 1.U.S. passed selective service act (draft) 2 Two million men fight to assist Allies. 3. Mass Production- Industries turned over to full weapon, ship,& vehicle prod. 4. Ship Convoy System- heavy guard of ships to protect against U-boat attack.(depth charges) 5. U.S. will and strength, good leaders.

The Guns of August

Trench Warfare: Protection from the Machine Gun

The First Air War

Treaty of Versailles Germany forced to take all responsibility for the war. Germany stripped of its colonies. Germany must pay huge reparations. Alsace and Lorraine to France. Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland carved out of Russian territory. Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary carved out of German territory. Yugoslavia created in the Balkans. It incorporates Serbia, which disappears.

Mapping the Treaty of Versailles Textbook page 696

The Great War WORLD WAR I Long-Term Effects Immediate Effects Many nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace settlements. Problems that helped cause the war— nationalism, competition—remain. Immediate Effects A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded. Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. New countries are created. The League of Nations is established to help promote peace.