Chapter 7

 Ethnicities in the United States Clustering of ethnicities (see map) African American migration patterns  Slavery, industrialization, ghetto  Differentiating ethnicity and race Race in the United States  75% white, 12% black, 4% Asian Division by race in South Africa  Apartheid

Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

 Rise of nationalities Nation-states- territory based on ethnicity Nationalism- loyalty and devotion to nationality  Revival of ethnic identity Ethnicity and communism  Communism seeks to unify people through government and mask ethnic identity Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe  After the fall of Communism, more ethnic groups fought for self-determination

 Multinational states Former Soviet Union  15 republics based on largest ethnicities  After 1991, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Russia were created Russia  39 nationalities, Chechnya Sunni Muslims Turmoil in the Caucasus  Azerbaijan (fragmented state)  Armenia (most homogenous country in Caucasus)  Georgia (Conflict between Ossetians and Abkhazians)

 Ethiopia/Eritrea Ethiopia dissolved Eritrea’s govt. 30 year civil war; 665,000 refugees 1991 Eritrea gains independence and loses it in 2000

 Sudan Civil war since 1980’s between Muslims and Christians/Animist Sudanese Muslims want a nation state based on Sharia Law 2 million deaths  Somalia 1990s government collapsed 6 major clans fought for power and resources 300,000 deaths

 Gained independence in 1943  Constitution made govt offices of every ethnicity  1932 census had Christian majority  By 1975, population changed to a Muslim majority but the govt didn’t reflect change.

 India, Pakistan and Bangladesh Gained independence in 1947 from Great Britain G.B. created Pakistan and Bangladesh 6 million Muslims migrated to Pakistan 1 million migrated to Bangladesh 9.5 million migrated to India Kashmir conflict over border

Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language. o Sinhalese 74% population Buddhist o Tamils 18 % population Hindus o Since 1983, 60,000 people have died o Tamils feel discriminated against o Tamils assassinated a president and wounded another

 Ethnic cleansing in central Africa Rwandans shared a common culture until colonialism Belgium and Germany divided Rwandans into 3 groups (Hutu, Tutsi and Twa) Belgians encouraged the suppression of Hutu Hutu gained independence and responded with the same suppression to Tutsi Hutu began killing all Tutsi

 Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia  After WWI, allies created Yugoslavia to unite South Slavic speaking ethnicities Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia  After Tito’s death, independent countries were formed  Political boundaries failed to match ethnic territories  Serbs and Croats wanted to get rid of Bosnia Muslims  Kosovo conflict between Serbs and Albanians

Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.