The Renaissance Europe:

In this Era ► The Gutenberg Press is invented  First printed work? ► The Holy Bible ► The philosophy of Christian Humanism spreads across Europe ► Michelangelo paints roof of the Sistine Chapel ► Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church, beginning the Protestant Reformation

Important Figures ► Johannes Gutenberg ► Desiderius Erasmus ► Michelangelo Buonarroti ► Leonardo DaVinci ► Donatello ► Raphael

Important Figures (cont) ► Niccolo Machiavelli ► Dante Alighieri ► Geoffrey Chaucer ► Martin Luther ► John Calvin ► Henry VIII of England

Renaissance ► What does the term mean?  Rebirth ► Rebirth of what however?  Age of Recovery: the 14 th century suffered from massive war, the Black Death, political instability, decline of church power  Renewed interest in cultural achievements  Urban society and a more secular, worldly view.

Where did it start? ► England ► France ► Spain ► United States ► Italy ► Germany ► Greece ► Portugal ► Holland Italy

Yes Italy ► Home to:  The Vatican  Pizza and Pasta  Mustaches  The Coliseum  The Sistine Chapel  3 Olympic games (1956 Cortina d’ampezzo),1960 (Rome), 2006 (Torino)  And Italian Plumbers

Why Italy? ► Some believe because it was hit first and the hardest by the black plague that it recovered faster ► Others believe the prime location in the Mediterranean allowed trade to flow through Italy like water ► Perhaps it’s Italy’s past as the Roman Empire and desire to return to greatness

Renaissance ► Whatever the reason the impact of the Renaissance was in impossible to ignore ► The Wealthy, who embraced the ideals fully, decorated their homes with the cultural works of the Italian masters. Especially in the cities ► The common man was able to adore such works from a distance, and with some envy, it seemed to cause the commoners to work harder to have such things adorning there homes.

The Italian States ► Since Italy never centralized during the Dark Ages, various city-states filled the vacuum of power in Italy ► Three most Influential  Milan  Venice  Florence

Milan ► Richest city in Northern Italy ► Located along major trade routes through the Alps ► The Visconti family ruled as Dukes of Milan through 1447 ► Francesco Sforza, a mercenary leader, sized control after the last Visconti died in 1447.

Venice ► Unique that it’s road system was predominately rivers that flow through the city. ► Ruled by a cartel of Merchant-aristocrats ► William Shakespeare wrote his play “the Merchant of Venice” that focused on this merchant culture

Florence ► Like Venice, Florence was run by a Merchant- Aristocrat cartel. ► Led a series of successful wars against their neighbors ► Later Cosimo de Medici and the Medici family seized control of the city, using their vast wealth.

Italian Wars ► With the wealth of Italy growing, it was only a matter of time before another European Power would attempt to capture Italy. ► 1494-France, under King Charles VIII, was the first to come knocking. Invading and occupying Naples and Southern Italy.

Italian Wars ► The majority of the wealth of Italy lay in the North however, where the Northern states called on Spain and their legendary Greed to defend them against France. ► For 30 years Spain and France fought for control over Italy. ► May the tide turned in favor of Spain when mercenaries under the command of King Carlos V arrived in Rome

End of Italian Wars ► With the Arrival of Carlos’ troops/mercenaries in Rome the French could no longer compete for Italy and Spain/Italy win the war….sort of ► The Mercenaries had not been paid in months and they were becoming mutinous ► The Leader of the Spanish armies answered this call…

Spanish General Charles de Bourbon ► In response to the “Money! Money” chant as the mercenaries entered Rome ► “If you have ever dreamed of pillaging a town and laying hold of its treasures, here now is one, the richest of the them all, queen of the world” ► The next day the troops burst down the gate and lay waste to Rome for a solid week. ► Church officials were sold into slavery, churches and palaces were sacked and looted, many died. ► Again Legendary Greed of the Spaniards

Statecraft Levels up ► During the era of the Renaissance the way governments should rule its people ► Political power shifted in practice under the influence of Niccolo Machiavelli and his work The Prince

Machiavelli ► “The ends justify the means” ► In essence Machiavelli believed in order to acquire and keep political power a ruler had to abandon morality as a basis of analyzing political activity. ► A princes attitude must be based on his understanding of Human nature, which he believed was basically self-centered.

Machiavelli ► “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit. Political activity, therefore should not be restricted by moral principals. For the sake of the State, he must be willing to let his conscience sleep”

Nobility ► How should one who is noble act? ► According to Baldassare Castiglione and his The Book of the Courtier, the perfect Renaissance Noble  was born not made.  must have character, grace and talent  Must develop two basic skills: Combat and a Classical Education  Obey a code of conduct, they should not hide there achievements, but show them with grace.

Commoners ► Feudalism had slowly declined during the waning days of the Dark Ages ► Surfs became more and more free as their wealth increased ► Merchants and Artisans plied their trade in the cities. ► A new class system developed

Renaissance Class Hierarchy ► Patricians—Wealthy from trade, industry and Banking enabled them to dominate their communities economically, socially and politically ► Burghers—Shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters and Guild members who provided services to their communities ► Workers/Unemployed– who earned pitiful wages working in industry or didn’t work at all due to circumstance.

Family and Marriage ► Family gave a great degree of security to the people of the Renaissance. ► Marriages were still arranged by the parents, usually to strengthen business or family ties. ► Dowries were paid by the wife’s family to the husbands family and arrangements were sometimes organized between children who were only 2 or 3 years old.