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3 Contents CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1Trading Centers SECTION 2Merchants SECTION 3Living Conditions SECTION 4The Rise of Guilds SECTION 5Cultural Changes CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

4 Chapter Focus 1 Overview Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter 26 examines the rise of towns in western Europe during the Middle Ages.  –Section 1 explains the growth of trade and rise of towns.  –Section 2 discusses the medieval merchant class.  –Section 3 identifies living conditions in the towns.  –Section 4 describes the guilds.  –Section 5 summarizes the cultural developments in medieval towns.

5 Chapter Focus 2 Objectives link the growth of trade to the rise of medieval towns.  After studying this chapter, you will be able to: tell how merchants became a key part of European life.  describe medieval town life.  explain why guilds were formed and later opposed.  summarize the cultural changes that took place in Europe during the 1400s. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

6 Chapter Focus 3 Read to Discover Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 399 of your textbook. How the growth of trade led to the rise of towns in the Middle Ages  What living conditions were like in medieval towns  Why guilds were formed and why they were later opposed  What cultural changes to civilization took place in Europe during the 1400s

7 Chapter Focus 4 guilds  apprentice  masters  journeyman  Dante  Geoffrey Chaucer  Terms to Learn People to Know Venice  Flanders Places to Locate Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker On button to listen to the words.

8 Beginning in the 1000s, the population of western Europe grew for the first time since the fall of Rome. Better ways of farming helped farmers grow more food. Many peasants left the fields to work in villages. They began to turn out cloth and metal products. Western nobles, however, wanted such luxury items as sugar, spices, silks, and dyes. These goods came from the East. So, European merchants carried western products to the East to exchange for luxury goods. Chapter Focus 5 Why It’s Important Click the Speaker On button to replay the audio.

End of Chapter Focus

10 Section 1-1 Trading Centers The growth of trade led to the rise of the first large trading centers of the later Middle Ages, located on important sea routes connecting western Europe with the Mediterranean Sea, Russia, and Scandinavia.  Two of the earliest and most important trading centers were Venice and Flanders. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 399 of your textbook.

11 Section 1-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Venice was an island port in the Adriatic Sea, close to the coast of Italy, founded in the 500s by people fleeing from the Germans.  Venice’s prosperity spread, and other Italian seacoast towns became shipping centers.  However, while Italian trading towns quarreled among themselves over profits and trade routes, towns along Europe’s Atlantic coast developed trade routes, becoming more powerful than those in Italy. Venice

12 Section 1-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Flanders, which today is part of Belgium, was an area of small towns on the northwest coast of Europe.  Flanders became the earliest Atlantic trading center.  Flanders became an important stopping place for ships traveling from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and an important link in the trade route between Constantinople and the North Sea.  By 1300, the most important trading partner of Flanders was England. Flanders

13 Section 1-Assessment 1 Section Assessment What led to the growth and development of Venice’s trade? Because the land was not very fertile, the early Venetians had to depend on the sea for a living. Venice became a leading port, and its merchants learned to read and write, use money, keep records, and develop a banking system Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

14 Section 1-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) How did the location of Flanders help it to become an important trading center? It had many rivers, a seacoast, and water deep enough for harbors. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

15 Section 1-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) How did the Flemish develop an international industry? Flemish traders relied on English shepherds for wool, which they sent to Flanders to be made into cloth. The finished cloth was then shipped back to England. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

16 Answers will vary. Section 1-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Identifying Alternatives What do you think would be attractive about living in a trading town during the Middle Ages?

17 Answers will vary. Section 1-Assessment 5 Section Assessment (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recreate the diagram on page 401 of your textbook, and use it to compare the trading towns of Venice and Flanders.

End of Section 1

19 Section 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 401 of your textbook. Merchants Sea trade grew, an overland trade route connected Italy and Flanders, and other routes spread across Europe.  Merchants became an important part of European life during the late Middle Ages.  The first merchants were mostly adventurers who traveled in armed groups for protection.

20 Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Merchants traveling along the chief route through eastern France stopped to trade at special gatherings called fairs.  The yearly fairs were sponsored by nobles who collected taxes on sales.  Goods were purchased with precious metals instead of bartering. Italian money changers tested and weighed coins from many different lands to determine their value.  From the banc, or bench, at which the money changers sat comes the English word “bank.” Fairs

21 Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Merchants grew tired of moving around and began to choose places along a trade route near waterways or road crossings to settle permanently.  The towns came to be called burgs because they were often near castles, which the Germans called burgs.  The new towns grew steadily and attracted people and artisans as the markets became centers of business and social life. The Growth of Towns

22 Section 2-Assessment 1 Section Assessment Why did nobles sponsor fairs? They sponsored them because they collected taxes on the sales. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

23 Section 2-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) Where did merchants set up their marketplaces? They set up their marketplaces along a trade route near waterways or road crossings, and close to a castle or a monastery. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

24 Section 2-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Making Generalizations How did merchants contribute to the growth of towns? Sample generalization: Most of the towns developed from merchant settlements. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

25 Section 2-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Recreate the diagram on page 403 of your textbook, and use it to compare the activities at medieval fairs with the activities at fairs today. Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 2

27 Section 3-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 403 of your textbook. Living Conditions By the 1200s, many towns were wealthy and large enough to have their palisades replaced by walls and towers.  The crowded conditions and open sewers made towns unhealthy places.  During the 1300s, diseased rats came to Europe on trading ships from the Middle East carrying a plague called the “Black Death.”  The disease swept through Europe, killing millions of people.

28 Section 3-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Merchants and artisans controlled a town’s business and trade.  At first, burghers meant the merchants, artisans, and workers who lived in towns; later the title meant rich merchants.  The burghers checked their products at the docks and market and met with business partners. Burgher Life

29 Section 3-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Under the feudal system, kings, nobles, and bishops, who taxed the people in the towns and charged them fees to use the marketplace, owned the town land.  The burghers resented feudal laws as not suited to business.  The burghers had wealth and power, so they began to depend less on nobles and bishops, and developed a sense of loyalty toward their town, working together to build schools, hospitals, and churches. Changing Ways

30 Section 3-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In the 1100s, townspeople in northern Italy formed political groups called communes, whose purpose was to work against the nobles and bishops and for the people by establishing local self-government.  Some kings and nobles gave the townspeople charters, or documents allowing towns to run their own affairs.  The towns enforced their own laws and set up special courts. Communes and Charters

31 Section 3- Assessment 1 What were some of the problems faced by medieval towns? They were overcrowded, unhealthy, and dirty. Section Assessment Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

32 Section 3- Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) What changes did burghers want to make in feudal laws? They wanted to run their own affairs and to have their own courts and laws. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

33 Section 3- Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment What laws or regulations would you have written to further improve conditions in medieval towns? Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

34 Section 3- Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Recreate the diagram on page 405 of your textbook, and use it to show the characteristics of towns in the late Middle Ages. Sample characteristics: crowded conditions, open sewers, lack of sanitation, crooked narrow streets, large population of merchants and artisans, enforced own laws Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 3

36 Section 4-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4 begins on page 406 of your textbook. The Rise of Guilds Around the 1100s, merchants, artisans, and workers formed guilds, business groups whose purpose was to make sure that their members were treated equally.  Craft guilds controlled the work of artisans such as carpenters, shoemakers, blacksmiths, masons, tailors, and weavers.  Guilds controlled all business and trade in a town, and only members could buy, sell, or make goods.

37 Section 4-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Rise of Guilds (cont.) Guilds were more than business or trade groups; they were the centers of social life.  A person had to be an apprentice, or trainee under a master, or expert, in a trade for two to seven years to become a member of a guild.  The next step was becoming a journeyman, or a person who worked under a master for a daily wage.  By 1400, many merchants and artisans had begun challenging the control of the guilds.

38 Section 4- Assessment 1 What rules did guild members have to obey? Guild members were not allowed to compete with one another or to advertise; they had to work the same number of hours, hire the same number of workers, and pay the same wages. Section Assessment Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

39 Section 4- Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) Why did people begin to challenge guilds in the late 1400s? They felt that the guilds kept them from increasing their trade and profits, and apprentices found it hard to become masters. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

40 Section 4- Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Analyzing Information “The steps taken to become a master were too difficult.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give reasons for your opinion. Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

41 Section 4- Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Recreate the diagram on page 407 of your textbook, and use it to show the steps in joining a guild. Step 1–apprentice; Step 2–journeyman; Step 3–presentation of masterpiece; Step 4–approval of masterpiece by guild officials Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 4

43 Section 5-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 5 begins on page 407 of your textbook. Cultural Changes During the 1400s, merchants, artisans, and bankers became more powerful, leading to the decline of feudalism.  The townspeople had more leisure time and money to enjoy art and books.  Most townspeople used such languages as German, French, and English.  A scholar named Dante wrote the Divine Comedy in Italian, one of the most famous poems of the Middle Ages.

44 Section 5-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Cultural Changes (cont.) Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales in English.  The townspeople came to believe that they should be free to develop their talents and to improve their way of life.

45 Section 5- Assessment 1 In what ways did the cultural life of the townspeople change during the late 1400s? Many became as rich as nobles and spent their new wealth on homes and clothes. They hired private teachers for their sons and supported painters and writers. Section Assessment Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

46 Section 5- Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) What did townspeople want government to do? They wanted the government to give them peace and security. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

47 Section 5- Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Making Inferences Why might nobles have disliked the success of merchants during the Middle Ages? Answers will vary. It is possible that nobles were envious and somewhat afraid of the wealth and power the merchants had developed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

48 Section 5- Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Recreate the diagram on page 408 of your textbook, and use it to show the details that support the following idea: “The growing power of merchants, artisans, and bankers led to the decline of feudalism.” Sample details: bankers lent money to kings, nobles, and church officials; merchants turned homes into mansions and began to set fashions; townspeople began to think differently than nobles and peasants; townspeople looked toward kings instead of nobles for leadership. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 5

50 Chapter Summary 1 Chapter Summary & Study Guide During the 1000s and 1100, increased trade between Europe and the Near East led to the rise of trading centers, such as Venice and Flanders.  Venetian traders developed an effective banking system and, with the help of other Italian trading towns, drove the Muslims from the Mediterranean.  Flanders was the earliest Atlantic trading center and, by 1300, had developed a flourishing international trade with England. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

51 Chapter Summary 2 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The first medieval merchants traveled overland in armed groups and traded with each other at fairs.  After a while, merchants began to settle in towns known as burgs.  Most medieval towns were overcrowded, unhealthy places to live.  Artisans and rich merchants controlled the business and trade of towns.

52 Chapter Summary 3 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Nobles and church officials viewed the rise of towns as a threat to their power and wealth.  Burghers resented feudal laws, and they resisted nobles and demanded charters for greater self-government.  Guilds set wages, prices, and working conditions, and helped members who were sick or out of work.

53 Chapter Summary 4 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By the 1400s, many masters and artisans resented the control of guilds over profits, and they began to hire untrained workers instead of apprentices.  As townspeople grew richer and more powerful, they looked to kings for leadership, and feudalism declined.

End of Chapter Summary

55 Chapter Assessment 1 Understanding the Main Idea What led to the development of trade between Europe and the Near East during the 1000s and 1100s? Nobles wanted luxury goods from the Near East. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

56 Chapter Assessment 2 What led to the decline of Italian trading centers? They quarreled among themselves over profits and routes. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

57 Chapter Assessment 3 How did fairs affect the development of banking? Merchants began to pay for goods with precious metals and coins from many different lands. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

58 Chapter Assessment 4 What effects did the “Black Death” have on Europe? It killed millions of people and halted trading, farming, and war. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

59 Chapter Assessment 5 How did a person become a master in a guild? by becoming an apprentice first, then a journeyman, then passing a master’s test, and finally creating a masterpiece Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

60 Chapter Assessment 6 Understanding the Main Idea Why were nobles and church officials against the rise of towns? They viewed towns and burghers as a threat to their power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

61 Chapter Assessment 7 How were the ideas of townspeople different from those of the nobles and peasants? Townspeople believed they should be free to improve their way of life. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

62 Chapter Assessment 8 What would you have liked about being a merchant in the Middle Ages? Explain. Critical Thinking

63 Chapter Assessment 9 Would you have supported or opposed the position taken by Italian communes during the 1100s? Explain. Critical Thinking

64 Chapter Assessment 10 Would you have preferred to be a burgher or a noble during the Middle Ages? Explain. Critical Thinking

65 Chapter Assessment 11 Do you approve or disapprove of the rules established by the guilds? Explain. Critical Thinking

66 Chapter Assessment 12 Place Refer to the map on page 400 of your textbook. Imagine you are a pirate hoping to rob European trading ships. At what place would you wait for ships to attack? What geographic features of this place affected your choice? Explain. Likely spots for pirates were the passage between Spain and Africa, or near Constantinople. Geography in History Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

67 Chapter Assessment 13 How did the Flemish become one of the first to develop an international industry? They were able to create an economic bridge between the supply source, production source, and customer; they became merchants of products people needed and wanted. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment

69 History Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to

70 Global Chronology 1000s A.D. Trade increases between Europe and the Near East 500s A.D. Venice founded 1300 A.D. Flemish develop thriving trade with England 1100 A.D. Italian trading towns drive Muslims from the Mediterranean Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

71 People in History 5.1 Chaucer’s poems include the Legend of Good Women, an unfinished work about heroines from the past. His most famous poem is the Canterbury Tales, which tells the tales told by a group of travelers on their way to a shrine. Geoffrey Chaucer C. 1340–1400 English Poet

72 Fun Facts 2.1 In southern France, wandering poet- musicians called troubadours visited towns and nobles’ courts, composing songs about love and the brave deeds of heroes. Some troubadours also traveled parts of southern Spain, singing lyrics in Arabic, Hebrew, and Spanish. Wandering Musicians

73 Fun Facts 3.1 Manners Robert of Blois, a French poet, listed rules of correct conduct for daughters of burghers. They included: A lady must walk straight and not trot or run. Take care: glances are messengers of love; men are prompt to deceive themselves by them.

74 Then & Now 3.1 Between 1348 and 1350, the Black Death claimed nearly 25 million lives. The epidemic stopped wars and slowed trade. Officials sealed off infected homes, suspended religious services, and made it illegal to meet in groups. It took almost 200 years for Europe to regain its pre-1348 level of population. Black Death

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