Urban Geography Spatial development of towns/citiesSpatial development of towns/cities Variations between citiesVariations between cities Variations within citiesVariations within cities

Urbanism Way of lifeWay of life Attitudes/valuesAttitudes/values Patterns of behaviorPatterns of behavior

Cities as engine of growth Mobilizing functions Decision-making functions Generative functions Transformative functions

Urban system Interdependent set of cities in a region Urbanization generated by elites Tribute/taxes flow into elite, developing center

xxxxxx Ancient cities Erbil, northern Iraq

Ancient Greece, 750 to 490 BCE Independent city-states, laid out on axis with central square

The Roman Empire “All roads lead to Rome” (1 million in AD 100)

Trajan’s Forum, Rome

The Coliseum, Rome

Roman Theater, Rome Theaters Throughout the Roman Empire, 200 CE

Classical Architecture from the Greeks and Romans Arches and columns

The Medieval City in Europe (450 to 1300) Dark Ages breakdown in order; Medieval Age centered on Catholic Church; Defensive structures, walls; Cities not growing

Medieval Castles in France Feudalism as Economic model Lords and peasants (serfs)

Gothic Architecture

Cologne Cathedral, Germany Church and Architecture

Notre Dame de Paris

Narrow, Twisty Medieval Streets Vienna, Austria

Other European city characteristics Plazas High density Low skyline Lively downtown Neighborhood stability Symbolism Good municipal services

Trade City Merchant capitalism emerges 1400s-1500s; Gradually replaces feudalism Mediterranean Sea ports Baltic/North Sea ports (Hanseatic League)

Venice canals

The Renaissance and Baroque Periods (1500 to 1800) Baroque Amsterdam

Boulevards and “Third Places”

Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna. Austria

Winter palace, St. Petersburg, Russia

Versailles, France

Buckingham Palace, London

Big Ben, London

Westminster Abbey, London

Parliament Houses of Parliament, London

London Tower

Arc de Triomphe, Paris

Rediscovery of Classical Greco- Roman model

Paris

Industrial Revolution: Steam engine Steel Loom Industrial capitalist City (1800 on)

Colonial City Established as colonial commercial or administrative center Associated with particular resource (coffee, gold, cacao, etc.) Often a port

Colonial City Fort European Town Native town

Modernism Industrialization Automobiles “Geography of Nowhere”

World Urban Dwellers

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Urban percentage of population

Urban growth rates 4/5 growth in Periphery (esp. in wars); 50% under poverty line

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Top 30 cities that are Core

Primate cities Primary, largest city (usually capital) much larger than others in country London, Paris, Mexico City, Cairo

Gateway City Link (door) to another country or region because of location Hong Kong (China-world) Buffalo (U.S.-Canada)

World cities Disproportionate share of global cultural influence “Where world’s business is done” Imperial capitals became corporate centers

World cities 3 centers in Tripolar Economy: New York, London, Tokyo

Urban Morphology in the U.S. 1. Walking City 2. Electric Streetcar Era 3. Early Automobile Era 4. Freeway Era

Stages of intraurban growth

The Walking City (until 1880s)

Electric Streetcar Era ( ) Arteries, early suburbs

Early Automobile Era ( ) Partition, expansion

Freeway Era (1945 on) Cold War origins; suburbanization

Suburbs building into natural areas, and paying the consequences

Central Place Theory Explaining the relative size /function of urban centers as a function of economic behavior Range: Maximum distance buyer will travel Threshold: Minimum market size

xxxxxx Central Place Theory in Spain

Rank-Size Rule (U.S.) 2nd largest city 1/2 size of 1st 3rd largest city 1/3 size of 1st…..etc. etc. Philadelphia ranked 5th, 1/5th of NY Regional centers –Denver, Atlanta, Chicago, etc.

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Shock City Rapid economic and socio-cultural changes, population growth

Urban growth: Metro areas

Hinterland Area within economic “orbit” of a major regional center Economic flows toward big city; –Cultural influence from big city NW Wisconsin hinterland of Twin Cities Southern Wisconsin hinterland of Chicago

Southeastern Wisconsin

Bird’s-Eye View of Neenah-Menasha

Fox Valley, Wisconsin Hydropower Farming Timber Paper Port of Green Bay