Plantagenets, part 2 and Crusades, part 2

Richard I “The Lion-Heart” Eleanor gave him Aquitaine to administer raised funds to go on 3 rd Crusade On way back, captured by HRE Henry VI Richard alliance with Tancred of Lecce brother John failed to seize throne, went to France to get help of King Philip Augustus Eleanor governed as regent Richard was ransomed, returned and recovered all territory lost to Philip Augustus 1199 – Richard died in a fight over treasure

King John and the Magna Carta Richard alienated all his allies: nobles, Philip Augustus of France, Pope Innocent III, Catholics, wife Innocent III excommunicated John and decreed that any English property would go to whoever seizes it first John strikes bargain with Pope If Innocent withdraws excommunication and property decree, all England will surrender to Papacy, Pope agreed but John did not change a thing Nobles gathered army at Runnymede John surrendered and signed the The Great Charter 1217 – reissued after the First Braon’s War and renamed Magna Carta

Scotland and the Plantagenets English denied Robert Bruce the crown of Scotland, William Wallace protested and organized an army Edward I (John’s grandson) defeated him at Falkirk 1305 – Wallace captured, disembowled and quartered Robert Bruce (grandson of the first one), crowned self king 1314 – Edward II led huge army to Bannockburn and lost to Bruce 1328 – English regents for Edward III signed Treaty of Northampton making Scotland free

The Second Crusade Intermittent borders disputes kept Muslim anger hot Muslims heard stories of atrocities in Jerusalem spread to Damascus Latin governments undermanned Zangi, prince of Mosul, retook Edessa in 1144 Crusade preached by St. Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard enlisted the French (Louis VII) and Germans including Conrad III and young Frederick of Swabia (later Frederick Barbarossa) 1147 – left for Holy Land Pillaging along the way

More Utter Failure Emperor Manuel Comnenus tried to avoid direct contact with French and German force Germans met main Moslem army at Dorylaum (Asia Minor), lost 90% of force French received false news of German victory, marched recklessly, decimated by starvation and raids At Attalia, Louis and nobles took ships to Antioch and left army in Attalia, later decimated Louis and Conrad reached Jerusalem with little to no army Attacked Damascus anyway combining with Baldwin III Camped outside Damascus, they heard armies were coming from Aleppo and Mosul Retreated to Antioch, Acre and Jerusalem Kings went back in disgrace, suspicious of Byzantines

Reconquista The only success of 2 nd Crusade 1147 – Pope expanded crusade to Iberian peninsula to kick out Moors Siege of Lisbon - Crusaders from Britain helped King Alfonso I of Portugal take Lisbon

Saladin Kurdish, Most legendary Muslim military leader of all time After 2 nd Crusade, 40 years of “peace”, Saladin united Egypt and Syria Reginald of Chatillon took a small army and tried to attack Mecca itself, ignited Saladin’s anger (1183) 1186 – Reginald attacked a caravan and kidnapped Saladin’s sister, Saladin infuriated

Saladin, cont – Battle at Hittin, Saladin defeated Reginald and King Guy of Jerusalem True Cross was captured Saladin took Acre without a fight Took Jerusalem in 12 days Freed all inhabitants by ransom, donated his personal treasure to widows, kings and nobles let go, forced to vow not to fight again Jews allowed to return to Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock restored Chose not to take Tyre, Antioch, Tripoli, he retired

Third Crusade, News of fall of Jerusalem caused it almost immediately Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor Richard I The Lion Heart of England and Philip Augustus of France led the Normans, both took sea route Barbarossa drowned on way to Acre, Richard took Cyprus from Byzantines Richard and Philip met at Acre Took Acre in a few weeks Richard let the civilians go home, Christians were restored the True Cross, Philip Augustus went home

Richard I vs. Saladin 1191 – stalemate at Arsuf Conrad offered to become Saladin’s ally and take Acre back for Muslims, Saladin refused Saladin offered peace agreement that included half of Jerusalem Richard marched within 12 miles of Jerusalem, Saladin poisoned the wells Richard retired to Acre but when Saladin took Jaffa, he rejoined the fight 1192 – retook Jaffa, Saladin came late with a much larger force, seeing Richard fighting on foot, he sent him a horse Richard sued for peace Saladin sent him fruit for his fever Richard could keep all coastal cities he conquered Muslims keep Jerusalem Free travel for civilians of both sides Pilgrims protected in Jerusalem Both sides celebrated Richard’s note, Saladin’s reply

The Fourth Crusade, Pope Innocent III called for it, Fulk de Neuilly preached Philip Augustus and Richard decided not to go New strategy, conquer Egypt and then approach Jerusalem from the south Venetians were paid to take armies to Egypt Armies gathered in Venice, not enough money for the travel fee Doge Dandolo forgave the remaining balance IF the Crusaders took Zara, now held by Hungary (Christian) for Venice Innocent denounced the plan, but the Crusaders ignored him, took it in five days Venice plotted to attack Constantinople 1195 – Isaac had been deposed by brother Alexius III, Isaac’s son Young Alexius fled to Germany, then asked Doge Dandolo to restore him to throne of Constantinople In return, Crusaders get money, provisions, soldiers, AND Orthodox Church will submit to the Pope of Rome

Sack of Constantinople The Pope had written a letter warning the army not to attack Constantinople The clergy kept the letter secret Crusaders offered ultimatum, Alexius III refused, Crusaders landed, Alexius III fled to Thrace Greek nobles allowed the new Alexius to be crowed Alexius IV, not knowing the terms of the Venetian deal A prince assassinated Alexius IV and took throne as Alexius V Crusaders laid siege, took the city in one month, Alexius V fled Pillaging French became official language of Constantinople Carved up empire among Latin nobles Venice took every major port Greek clergy replaced by Latins All services in Latin

Children’s Crusade and 5 th Crusade Nicholas led 30,000 children from Germany to Genoa Stephen led 20,000 children from France to Marseille, seven ships agreed to take them, five made it to Egypt Frederick II hanged the shipowners Innocent III again appealed to council to send a crusade 1217 – Fifth Crusade left under Hungarian King Andrew and landed in Egypt, took Damietta in one year Sultan Malik al-Kamil offered most of Jerusalem, liberation of prisoners and return of True Cross Christians demanded more and war resumed, reinforcements never came 8-year truce gave Christians little more than just True Cross

Sixth Crusade Led by Frederick II, HRE, who was excommunicate for failing to reinforce last Crusade Christians in Palestine shunned him He decided to sit down and talk with al-Kamil 1229 – Two rulers signed a treaty giving Frederick Acre, Jaffa, Sidon, Nazareth, Bethlehem and all of Jerusalem except Dome of the Rock, 10-year truce, all prisoners freed Pope Gregory IX did not ratify the treaty After Frederick left, Christians in Palestine took control of Jerusalem and allied with Syria against Egypt Sultan allied with Turks who captured Jerusalem and killed everyone Baibars of Egypt took Gaza and all of Palestine was Muslim again

Seventh Crusade Louis IX tried to reconcile Pope and Frederick to no avail Led French Crusaders to Damietta, took it easily, stuck in Egypt six months due to flooding 1250 – routed at Mansura, Louis taken hostage, ransomed, stayed at Acre, failed attempts at getting reinforcements, returned to France in th Crusade – Louis IX died in Tunisia Canonized St. Louis