The Electric Grid Technology of Energy Seminar Series Matthew Glazer January 2015 I am a Ph.D. student in Materials Science and Engineering, My current research focuses on Li-ion Batteries, and I have prior research experience studying Nuclear Materials

What is Electricity? Electricity is analogous to the movement of water. water Voltage = Current X Resistance Power = Voltage X Current 1 kW = One Microwave Oven running 30 kWh = Levelized energy consumption of average US home for one day 2

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) AC has one or more frequencies or phases In AC, current and voltage not always synchronized DC 3 AC

Apparent and Reactive Power (AC ONLY) 4

AC vs. DC Edison vs. Tesla: When to use AC: Multiple volumes of power transmission from generation to load When to use DC: Single volume of power transmission, especially over long distances (HVDC) 5

AC vs. DC Edison vs. Tesla: When to use AC: Multiple types of electrical machines (e.g. industrial motors) When to use DC: Electronics (e.g. Server Farms) 6

AC vs. DC Edison vs. Tesla: When to use AC: Synchronized interconnected networks When to use DC: Linking AC grids 7 Commercial Residential Industrial

How Electricity is Delivered on the Grid Power Dissipated (7%, Lost as Heat) = Current 2 X Resistance (P=I 2 R) Power Delivered = Voltage X Current (P=VI) 8

US Grid Energy Mix (2012) Capacity (MW)Generated Energy (GWh) 9

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Grid Design and Layout 11

Grid Layout Options Radial Design Mesh Network Siting Challenges 12

Islanding and Microgrids Grids must be able to form “islands” in the event of a major problem Microgrids can generate power locally that can be sold or provide electricity during a blackout Image: Northeast 2003 Blackout, A tree electrically connects with a 345 kV line here 13

Reliability and Power Quality How does the power company know how much to produce? Electrical Power cannot easily be stored in large quantities, yet The load must be balanced across a grid 14

Renewable Generation Intermittency Wind, Solar and hydropower generation depend on environmental conditions Grid must be able to dispatch storage or generation quickly to accommodate sudden changes Conventional power generation has a “ramp- up” time before reaching maximum generation 15

Distributed Generation Renewables and Co-Generation Decreases Transmission Losses Potential Increased Local Power Quality and Resiliency 16

DG 2012 Statistics 17

Case Study: Smart Grid 18

Case Study: Smart Grid Efficient Building Systems Utility Communications Dynamic Systems Control Data Management Distribution Operations Distributed Generation & Storage Plug-In Hybrids Smart End-Use Devices Advanced Metering Consumer Portal & Building EMS Internet Renewables PV Control Interface 19

Basic Concepts Overlay electric grid with networking technology Price and Availability of Electricity linked to Usage Two-Way Communication 20

Advantages for Power Companies Enables rapid and automated incident response Makes frequency regulation easier and increases grid stability and power quality Load Leveling 21

Advantages to End-Users Distributed Generation more cost-effective, can sell back to the grid May decrease cost of electricity for consumers Enables the smart, programmable operation of important systems or appliances 22

Challenges New infrastructure to communicate in both directions required Electricity prices less transparent for consumer, adjustment from fixed price to real- time pricing Security concerns Behavioral Changes and Data Management Required… 23

Smart Meters and Smart Machines Smart appliances networked and programmed into grid demand Power companies can directly modulate load balance and demand Many communication methods, not all require new infrastructure 24

Smart Appliances 25

Phasor Measurement Units (AKA PMUs or Synchrophasors) Measure Power Quality with a time stamp and GPS coordinates Located at Generation and Distribution substations Enable greater automation and intermittent resources CC DD 26

SPECIAL THANKS TO SCOTT BAKER AND PJM INTERCONNECTION FOR ASSISTANCE IN PREPARING THIS SEMINAR! 27

Questions? 28

Fleet-wide Capacity Factors 29

US Electricity Imports/Exports 30

Conversion Equipment and Substations Transformers act to step voltage up or down Circuit breakers and phase shifting transformers moderate power quality and act as barriers for islanding Data currently collected here to monitor power usage and dispatch resources Design and placement enable redundancy to ensure reliability … 31

Current Deployments Enel (Genoa, Italy), completed 2005, metering co. vertically integrated deployment Austin Energy (Austin, TX), since 2003, 100% Smart Meter penetration, 90MW load- shedding, smart grid community Hydro One (Ontario, Canada), +1.3 million smart meters deployed, 80% have “time of use” pricing … 32

Smart Metering Growth 33

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What is Electricity? Electrons present in a conductor move, on average, in response to a potential energy difference (Voltage). The total flow rate of electrons (or Charge) through a conductor in any one direction is referred to as the Current of electrons travelling in that direction (amount of charge per second). Resistance limits the amount of current that can travel down an applied voltage. Units: Voltage = Volts (V), Current = Amperes (A), Resistance = Ohms (Ω), Power = Watts (W), Charge = Coulombs (C) 35

Basic Circuit Rules Voltage = Current X Resistance (V=IR) Power Delivered = Voltage X Current (P = VI) Power Dissipated (Heat) = Current 2 X Resistance (P=I 2 R) Resistance = Resistivity * Length / Area Charge, Power and Energy Conserved in any system! 36

Edison vs. Tesla: When is AC Better? Advantages of AC Conversion Equipment (Generators, Transformers, etc.) Simpler, Cheaper and more efficient Analog or Timing Signals Ubiquity Disadvantages of AC Greater Transmission Line Losses over DC Reactive Power Losses Skin Effect 37

Edison vs. Tesla: When is DC Better? Advantages of DC All Electronic Circuits powered by DC No Reactive Losses Greater Transmission efficiency Disadvantages of DC Voltage fluctuates based on demand Motors and Generators Typically less powerful and efficient Stepping Voltage much more difficult 38

High Voltage DC Transmission When benefits behind lower line losses outweigh efficiency shortfalls in voltage stepping (Long distances) Undersea cables (no reactive losses) Connecting unsynchronized grids HVDC line linking Pacific NW Hydroelectric Power and L.A. 39