Native Peoples of America to 1500 C.E. Chapter 1, Boyer

Hiawatha member of Iroquois tribe Endless cycle of violence Family threatened, wanders through forest Has visions, meets holy man Introduces condolence of peace to Iroquois tribes Leads to creation of the League of the Iroquois Represents a moment in American History before Columbus Cultural diversity that existed in Pre-Columbian America

Chapter Focus Questions What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans? How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures? What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

First Americans c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E. Two Theories Land bridge Boat Last Ice Age Hunters From Siberia Boat More recent theory Dated 13,000 B.C.E. Evidence in Chile 10,500 B.C.E.

Paleo- Indians “earliest Americans” Foundation of Native American life Hunter/gathers Defined roles for men and women Trade/exchange of ideas End of Ice Age = change in way of life Dramatic changes in physical environment

Clovis Peoples Location Characteristics End New Mexico to Nova Scotia Sophisticated tools Mobile communities Technology spread quickly End Climate differentiated after ice age Fragmentation occurred

Archaic Societies Changes in environment = changes in lifestyle Changes in diet Shift to year-round villages More defined roles for men and women 5000 B.C.E. cultivation of Agriculture Begins in Mesoamerica Tehucan Indians 3000B.C.E. Seed specialization Introduction of 1st maize crop Spread by 2500 B.C.E. Still not significant part of daily diet

Cultural Diversity Mesoamerica and South America Increased Crop Production Maize-based farming spreads Surplus leads to trade Development of communities Olmec Urban centers Hereditary rulers (chiefdoms) Unequal society

Mesoamerica and South America Cont. Development of Powerful States Teotihuacan (2nd-7th cent.) Lead bloody wars Religious hierarchy Extensive trade Dominated Modern-day Mexico Strong political system Massive public works projects Influences the Maya and the Aztecs Declined 8th century

Mesoamerica and South America Mayans Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th centuries Developed: Calendar Numerical system Hieroglyphic writing codices Aztecs Overthrew rulers in 1428 Conquering campaign Religious rituals Massive public works projects Capital- Tenochtitlan Based writing and calendar on Mayans Modified environment for food production Large trading system

Mesoamerica and South America Incas Andes Capital- Cuzco Dominate around 1438 C.E. Ability to grow crops in harsh environment key to expansion Modified environment Public works

Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans? How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures? What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

Rewind: 13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North America Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in lifestyle for Paleo-Indians Consequences: Hunting smaller animals Focus more on forging local resources Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique environments 10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians Still migrated following food, few exceptions Difference: Use of stone tools (food preparation) 4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture Major change to permanent settlements Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.

Major Themes Chapter 1 Effects of Climate Shift Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic Experimentation with agriculture Consequences of Farming Shift to year-round villages Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as primary source of food Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands Development of Native American culture See Chart / North America Native American ties communal use and control of resources Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar rituals for burial of dead Preference for independent, kin-based communities Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order Customs: used to reinforce conformity Respect came from providing for people not by force Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense Strong sense of interdependence Mesoamerica/South America Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose Mayans, Aztecs Major Themes Chapter 1

Southwest Alaska California Eastern Woodlands Farming- 400 B.C.E. -intro of drought resistant maize -increased population No farming -fishing/ hunting/ gathering -salmon -acorns Developed complex political organization before farming -on floodplains of Mississippi Hohokam: 3rd c. B.C.E. Farmed Arizona Built elaborate canals Inuits and Aleuts: Adapted to environment and landscapes bow/arrow Ceramic pottery Competition for acorns led to defining territorial boundaries more rigidly and more intricate political, economic, and religious organization Adena: 1200 B.C.E. Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt Ohio Valley 1st c. B.C.E. developed into Hopewell Wider area, more complex centers, trade Abandoned 5th c. C.E. Anasazi: 10th-12th c. C.E. -built towns, controlled rainwater, turquoise industry -drought= decline 25,000 sites Irrigation Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon Mississippian: 7th c. C.E. -first full-time farmers -combined Hopewell culture and ideas from Mexico -massive trade -huge urban centers (Cahokia) 13th c. C.E. = decline *end of political centralization

Anasazi

Cahokia

Iroqouis

Europe on the Eve of Exploration 12th-15th centuries C.E. Massive trade Mediterranean trade Europe/Asia/Africa Competition between Land route to Asia blocked by Ottoman Turks 1453 Bubonic plague Reduced population and food supply New ideology/ taking risks Scientific/technological advances Printing press Maritime advances Religion Spread of Christianity Catholic “reconquista” Protestant revolution Renaissance Ancient Greek/ Romans Mapping Prince Henry the Navigator increase in scientific knowledge Little Ice Age Monarchs/Imperialism New nation-states France, England, Spain, Portugal Crave resources/wealth Solidify power

Beginnings of North American Exploration

Native Americans in 1490 Population stats vary 1/3 lived in Mississippi valley Low population density Abundant resources (enough for everyone) Major Differences b/w Indians and Europeans Indians lacked Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals other than copper No sense of land ownership, not motivated by wealth/power Belief in collective bargaining Self- determination Rough equality (men/women, rich/poor) No concept of gender issues, class hierarchies

Columbus