Homo floresiensis Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Great-great-grandfather ape. A new fossil (reconstruction, above, and face, inset) may be closely related to the earliest great apes. Endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago A new species of genus homo? The study of human evolution is a work in progress ….

Fig. 19-9b Lemurs, lorises, and pottos Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans 0 Millions of years ago Ancestral primate Anthropoids Monkeys Hominoids (apes) The human family tree

Fig Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus robustus Homo ergaster ? Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis Homo erectus Homo habilis Kenyanthropus platyops Ardipithecus ramidus Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin tugenensis Millions of years ago The human fossil record

Homo floresiensis in the context of the evolution and dispersal of the genus Homo Brown, P., T. Sutikna, et al. (2004). "A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia." Nature 431(7012):

Fig Approximate range of Neanderthals  35,000 years ago 30,000–35,000 years ago  30,000 years ago Key Europe Africa Neander Valley Original discovery Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Neanderthals and the colonization of Europe

Fig North America South America Australia Asia Europe Africa 100,000 BP 40,000 BP 50–60,000 BP >40,000 BP (50–60,000?) 15–35,000 BP Modern humans (H. sapiens) and the colonization of the world

Ancestry testing using DNA

Genetic markers on the Y chromosome Markers used on Y chromosome are ‘Short tandem repeats’ or STRs, which are usually located between genes and have no known physiological effect. (Marker region is amplified by PCR) ‘CA’ repeated 8x

Fig a STR site 1 Crime scene DNA STR site 2 Suspect’s DNA Number of short tandem repeats match Number of short tandem repeats do not match

Fig b Crime scene DNA Suspect’s DNA

Number indicated the repeats within marker region differs among different ancestry lines

My genetic journey as seen by the Y chromosome

My genetic journey The Y chromosome M168: My Earliest Ancestor 50,000 years ago M89: Moving Through the Middle East 45,000 years ago M9: The Eurasian Clan Spreads Wide and Far 40,000 years ago M45: The Journey Through Central Asia 35,000 years ago M207: Leaving Central Asia 30,000 years ago M173: Colonizing Europe The First Modern Europeans 30,000 years ago M343: Direct Descendants of Cro-Magnon 30,000 years ago

Genetic markers on the mitochondrial chromosome (mtDNA) Hyper Variable Region-1 non-coding sequence of 440 nucleotides contains single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

R Cambridge reference sequence Ancestry tree using mitochondrial DNA

Y chromosomemt DNA Overlapping my father’s and mother’s ancestry migration trail

Technology driven niche expansion