Native Peoples of America to 1500 C.E. Chapter 1, Boyer

Hiawatha member of Iroquois tribe Endless cycle of violence Family threatened, wanders through forest Has visions, meets holy man Introduces condolence of peace to Iroquois tribes Leads to creation of the League of the Iroquois Represents a moment in American History before Columbus Cultural diversity that existed in Pre-Columbian America

Chapter Focus Questions What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans? How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures? What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

First Americans c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E. Two Theories Land bridge Boat Last Ice Age Hunters From Siberia Boat More recent theory Dated 13,000 B.C.E. Evidence in Chile 10,500 B.C.E.

Paleo- Indians “earliest Americans” Foundation of Native American life Hunter/gathers Defined roles for men and women Trade/exchange of ideas End of Ice Age = change in way of life Dramatic changes in physical environment

Archaic Societies Changes in environment = changes in lifestyle Changes in diet Shift to year-round villages More defined roles for men and women 5000 B.C.E. cultivation of Agriculture Begins in Mesoamerica Tehucan Indians 3000B.C.E. Seed specialization Introduction of 1st maize crop Spread by 2500 B.C.E. Still not significant part of daily diet

Cultural Diversity Mesoamerica and South America Increased Crop Production Maize-based farming spreads Surplus leads to trade Development of communities Olmec Urban centers Hereditary rulers (chiefdoms) Unequal society

Mesoamerica and South America Cont. Development of Powerful States Teotihuacan (2nd-7th cent.) Lead bloody wars Religious hierarchy Extensive trade Dominated Modern-day Mexico Strong political system Massive public works projects Influences the Maya and the Aztecs Declined 8th century

Mesoamerica and South America Mayans Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th centuries Developed: Calendar Numerical system Hieroglyphic writing codices Aztecs Overthrew rulers in 1428 Conquering campaign Religious rituals Massive public works projects Capital- Tenochtitlan Based writing and calendar on Mayans Modified environment for food production Large trading system

Mesoamerica and South America Incas Andes Capital- Cuzco Dominate around 1438 C.E. Ability to grow crops in harsh environment key to expansion Modified environment Public works

Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans? How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures? What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity