Sudan: A New Future Presbyterian Ministry at the United Nations

Ethnicity African – 52% Arab – 39% Beja – 6% (a nomadic people living in the northeast) Others – 3% CIA World Factbook

Religion Muslim – 70% (primarily in north) Indigenous Beliefs or Animist – 25% Christian – 5% CIA World Factbook

Northern Sudan – desert – the Nile is the main water source Central Sudan (East) – combination of desert grasslands and wooded grasslands Southern Sudan – mostly forest and wooded grasslands, very fertile due to the White Nile and Sue Jer rivers Central Sudan (West) – not as arid as the North, a combination of semi-desert grassland, grassland & forest

about 60,000 years ago Earliest human records in region that became Sudan

about 8,000 b.c. Earliest human settlements in region that became Sudan

about 640 a.d. Islam and Arabs come to Egypt and gradually move southward into region that became Sudan

1820 Turkish troops under Egyptian control invade region that became Sudan

Rebellion against Egyptian rule in Sudan

1898 Egyptians, aided by Britain, return

Condominium – a joint Anglo-Egyptian government rules Sudan

1901 United Presbyterian Church of North America missionaries to northern Sudan Sudan Presbyterian Evangelical Church

1902 United Presbyterian Church of North America missionaries to southern Sudan Presbyterian Church of Sudan

1956 Sudan granted independence Troops from southern Sudan mutiny in 1955 before independence is granted

First civil war in SudanEnded by Addis Ababa agreement

Abyei Blue Nile South Kordofan Darfur

Second civil war in Sudan Sudanese Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army

Dr. John Garang By UN Photo/Evan Schneider

War in Darfur

President Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir Doha Photo/X

Human toll of two civil wars in Sudan 2.5 million deaths 4 million displaced many more than once

Human toll in Darfur 300,000 – 330,000 deaths2,850,000 displaced51 peacekeepers killed

2002 Machakos Protocol Principles of governance Transitional process and government structures Right to self-determination for people of southern Sudan State and religion

2004 Wealth Sharing Agreement Equitable sharing of common wealth and resources Interstate commerce freedom Shared commitment to both revenue and debt

2004 Protocol on Power Sharing Reaffirmed commitments in wealth sharing agreement South Sudan to have power at state level Recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms

2004 United Nations Advance Mission to Sudan Authorized by Security Council Resolution 1547 To facilitate contacts with concerned parties To prepare for the introduction of an envisaged UN peace support operation Expansion into Darfur in 2006 (Security Council Resolution 1706)

UNMIS expansion failure Government of Sudan opposed the creation of a UN-only peacekeeping force UNAMID – United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur

Additional influences on Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) Protocol on Resolution of the Conflict in Abyei Area Protocol on Resolution of Conflict in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile States Agreement on Security Arrangements Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities and Appendices Implementation Modalities and Global Implementation Matrix and Appendices

January 9, 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement Dr. John Garang became First Vice- President of the Republic of Sudan and President of the semi-autonomous Government of Southern Sudan Garang died in airplane accident on August 1, 2005 and was succeeded in both offices by Lt. Gen. Salva Kiir

Comprehensive Peace Agreement Southern Sudan semi-autonomous for six years Referendum on self-determination for Southern Sudan - January 2011 Referendum on self-determination for Abyei “Popular consultations” for South Kordofan and Blue Nile

October 2010 photo by Episcopal Life, used with permission

October 2010 photo by Episcopal Life, used with permission

January 9-15, 2011 Referendum on self-determination in Southern Sudan UN Photo/ Paul Banks

February 7, 2011 Referendum certified 98.3% of voters favored independence

February – July 9, 2011 Transition to two states The Republic of Sudan The Republic of South Sudan

July 9, 2011 The Republic of South Sudan18-21 months of transition Lean government: maximum of 20 ministries Power sharing government

PC(USA) and Sudan Community Health Evangelism RECONCILE Sudan Council of Churches Across Nile Theological College Giffen Bible School

Congregations and Presbyteries Sudan Mission Network contact Debbie Braaksma

Individuals PrayLearnMeet our Sudanese neighborsAdvocateGive

Challenges Conflict in Darfur and border areasSudan destabilize South SudanOil revenuesInter-tribal conflictLeadership

Hopes Commitment to CPAKhartoum has opened embassy in JubaPresident al-Bashir’s statementsOilThe people