End Show Slide 1 of 35 Chemistry 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of 35 Alcohols and Ethers A patient does not experience pain during surgery when given a general anesthetic. The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil War, belonged to a class of chemical compounds called ethers. You will read about the chemical characteristics of ethers that make them good anesthetics. 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Slide 3 of 35 Alcohols How are alcohols classified and named? 23.2

End Show Slide 4 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols An alcohol is an organic compound with an — OH group. The —OH functional group in alcohols is called a hydroxyl group or hydroxy function. 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 5 of 35 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Aliphatic alcohols can be classified into structural categories according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group. 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 6 of 35 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols When using the IUPAC system to name continuous-chain and substituted alcohols, drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending -ol. 23.2

End Show Slide 7 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols 23.2

End Show Slide 8 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols 23.2

End Show Slide 9 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols 23.2

End Show Slide 10 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Alcohols can have more than one hydroxyl group. 23.2

End Show Slide 11 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols These alcohols contain one, two, or three hydroxyl groups. 23.2

End Show Slide 12 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common component of many household products. 23.2

End Show Slide 13 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Aliphatic alcohols are used in many household products, including antiseptics, antifreeze, and cosmetics. 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Slide 14 of 35 Properties of Alcohols How does the solubility of an alcohol vary with the length of its carbon chain? 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 15 of 35 Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols Alcohols of up to four carbons are soluble in water in all proportions. The solubility of alcohols with four or more carbons in the chain is usually much lower. 23.2

End Show Slide 16 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols Fermentation is the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria. A second reaction product, carbon dioxide, causes bread to rise. 23.2

End Show Slide 17 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols Ethanol is the intoxicating substance in alcoholic beverages. It is a depressant that can be fatal if taken in large doses at once. Denatured alcohol is ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic (poisonous). Denatured alcohol is used as a reactant or as a solvent in industrial processes. 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Slide 18 of 35 Addition Reactions What reactions of alkenes may be used to introduce functional groups into organic molecules? 23.2

End Show Slide 19 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new functional groups into organic molecules. In an addition reaction, a substance is added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne. Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are much more reactive than single bonds between carbon atoms. 23.2

End Show Slide 20 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Addition Across a Double Bond 23.2

End Show Slide 21 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions 23.2

End Show Slide 22 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions The addition of water to an alkene is a hydration reaction. 23.2

End Show Slide 23 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions 23.2

End Show Slide 24 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions The addition of hydrogen to a carbon–carbon double bond to produce an alkane is called a hydrogenation reaction. 23.2

End Show Slide 25 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions 23.2

End Show Slide 26 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Slide 27 of 35 Ethers What is the general structure of an ether and how are the alkyl groups of an ether named? 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 28 of 35 Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers The general structure of an ether is R— O—R. The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in alphabetical order and are followed by the word ether. 23.2

End Show Slide 29 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers An ether is a compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups. 23.2

End Show Slide 30 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers 23.2

End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 31 of 35 Section Quiz -or- Continue to: Launch: Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 23.2 Section Quiz

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 32 of 35 End Show 23.2 Section Quiz. 1.Choose the correct words for the spaces. The structure of a secondary alcohol has ___________ attached to the __________ group. a.two R groups, OH b.two OH groups, R c.one R group, C—OH d.two R groups, C—OH

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 33 of 35 End Show 23.2 Section Quiz. 2.Choose the correct words for the space. Alcohols that are completely soluble in water have _________ carbons in the chain. a.four or less b.three or less c.four or more d.more than four

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 34 of 35 End Show 23.2 Section Quiz. 3.What type of reaction would convert CH 2 =CH—CH 3 into CHBr—CHBr—CH 3 ? a.substitution b.hydrogenation c.addition d.hydration

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 35 of 35 End Show 23.2 Section Quiz. 4.Which structure is ethylmethyl ether? a.CH 3 —CH 2 —OH—CH 2 b.CH 3 —CH 2 —CHO c.CH 3 CH 2 —O— CH 3 d.CH 2 CH—CH 3 —OH

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