Canada Week Commemorating the 40 th Anniversary of the Establishment of Full Diplomatic Relations between China & Canada Organized by: Nanjing University of Finance and Economics Friday, October 22 nd, 2010

Co-operation in Higher Education between China & Canada: presented by Dr. M.W. Luke Chan Associate Vice-President International Affairs McMaster University

geography, demographics and economy of China and Canada education system of China and Canada university education environment of both countries Canadian involvement in higher education reform in China programs funded by the Canadian government (via Canadian International Development Agency – CIDA) effect on management education in China current state of co-operation between China and Canada, including joint degree programs, student recruiting, student mobility, graduate recruiting and training and young faculty training support discussion of where we go from here Overview

Background - Geography People’s Republic of China Area: 9,596,961 sq km Canada Area: 9,984,670 sq km 40°N SF NY Beijing Toronto

People’s Republic of China Shores: East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, Borders: Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan Climate: subtropical to subarctic Canada Shores: North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean Borders: United States Climate: temperate to arctic Background - Geography

Background - Demographics China's population: 0-14 years: 19.8% (male :140,877,745/female:124,290,090) years: 72.1% (male 495,724,889/female 469,182,087) 65 years & over: 8.1% (male 51,774,115/female 56,764,042) Canada’s population: 0-14 years: 16.1% (male 2,761,711/female 2,626,836) years: 68.7% (male 11,633,950/female 11,381,735) 65 years & over: 15.2% (male 2,220,189/female 2,862,787)

Background – Economy China has changed drastically changed in past 30 years from centrally planned system to a more market-oriented economy that has unprecedented growth in the private sector and has become a major player in the global economy GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $8.748 trillion (2009 est.) 2 nd largest in the world (1. United States, 3. Japan, 4. India, 5.Germany) GDP - per capita (PPP): $6,600 (2009 est.) 83 rd in the world Education expenditures: approx. 3% of GDP (2009)

Canada as an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $1.279 trillion (2009 est.) 14 th largest in the world GDP - per capita (PPP): $38,000 (2009 est.) 10 th in the world Education expenditures: approx. 6% of GDP (2009) Background – Economy

China: national level, public state-run system 12 year system (9 years mandatory) kindergarten and senior high school are fee-based rapidly growing private education providers Literacy Rate: 93% (age 15+ can read and write) Background - Education

Canada: provincial level, public state-run system 12 year system (+optional public Kindergarten, structure varies slightly by province) small, established private education sector Literacy Rate: 99% (age 15+ can read and write) Background - Education

ChinaCanada approx. 2,400 universities, colleges and other post-secondary institutions 86 universities and 223 colleges 19 million students nationally ( international students negligible) 1.2 million students nationally (international students as high as 10%) 1 institution to 9000 people1 institution to 3800 people est. 4% of Chinese population has post-secondary education major discrepancy between rural (< 1%) and urban (approx. 12%) over 50% of Canadian population has some post-secondary education 6 million post secondary graduates (2008) 245,000 post secondary graduates (2008)

Post-Secondary Education in Canada Canada has 2 types of public post-secondary institutions: 1. University education institution that grants fully recognized degrees offers undergraduate degrees such as Bachelor's Degree offers graduate and doctoral degrees offers Post Doctoral research 2. College grant certificates or diplomas, but not degrees high degree of standardization across country some university-college partnership programs that grant select degrees

Oldest universities in Canada: Université Laval (1663) University of New Brunswick (1785) Dalhousie University (1818) McGill University (1821) University of Toronto (1827) McMaster University (1887) post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories majority of funding from provincial government remainder of funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and research grants alumni and private donations significant source of income University in Canada - History

Times Higher Education 2010 World University Rankings - Top 200 University of Toronto17 University of British Columbia 30 McGill University35 McMaster University93 University of Alberta127 University of Victoria130 University of Montreal138 Dalhousie University193 Simon Fraser University199 Canada - Global University Rankings Shanghai Jiaotong 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities – Top 200 University of Toronto27 University of British Columbia 36 McGill University61 McMaster University88 University of Alberta University of Calgary University of Montreal University of Waterloo

University in China Oldest universities in China: Tianjin University (1895) Zhejiang University (1897) Peking University (1898) Soochow University (1900) University of Nanjing (1902) Fudan University (1905) Tsinghua University (1911) universities regulated from the national level by State Education Commission (SEC) SEC has a far broader range of authority compared to the Canadian provincial authorities

University in China China has numerous types of public post-secondary institutions: 1. University education institution that grants degrees offers undergraduate degrees such as Bachelor's Degree offers graduate and doctoral degrees offers Post Doctoral research 2. College grant certificates or diplomas, but not degrees 3. Training Vocational colleges large number of schools providing low level technical training 4. Various Training institutes & schools school to provide specialized technical training for specific occupations or workplaces

Times Higher Education 2010 World University Rankings - Top 200 Peking University 37 University of Science & Technology China 49 Tsinghua University 58 Nanjing University 120 Sun Yat-sen University171 Zhejiang University197 China - Global University Rankings Shanghai Jiaotong 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities – Top 200 Peking University Tsinghua University

1973-4: a few years after the establishment of formal diplomatic relations both countries began a series of small successful exchange programs for students (1973) and scholars (Canada-China Scholars’ Exchange Program 1974) 1979: signed far-reaching government-to-government agreement on academic cooperation; both countries experienced a dramatic increase in visiting scholars and students Chinese scholars were at 38 universities in 9 provinces and over 500 Canadian university professors had visited China. additional funding in Canada from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) made collaborative research possible for the first time during this expansion phase over 40 institutional linkages were created and some formal agreements were made these first agreements were only in principle (MOUs) Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education ( )

: with China's return to the international community, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) began to support China's transition to knowledge and technology transfer this in turn also strengthened Canadian-Chinese trade relations CIDA became a major contributor to fostering academic cooperation 1983: CIDA signed a General Agreement on Development Cooperation (GADC) that was initially capitalized with $90 million for the first 5 years 1987: CIDA increased GADC funding to $200 million Chinese and Canadian institutions alike benefited from the development agreement, especially through the establishment of the Canada-China University Linkage Program that funded the linkage of 30 institutions Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education ( )

1987: the Canadian-Chinese Language Centre was founded jointly between Saint Mary’s University and Peking Normal University to offer English language teaching in China CCLC prepares scientists, government officials & other professionals linguistically and culturally to study in Canada and improve language learning in China 1989: Chinese graduate students account for the majority of international students in Canada 1994: CIDA develops Country Development Policy Framework (CDPF) for China the establishment of the Canada-China Higher Education program brings a broad perspective which links directly to CDPF objectives Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education ( )

: CIDA provided some $250 million in grants (including $150 million in bilateral funding) toward more than 100 joint initiatives between Canadian universities and colleges and Chinese universities and institutes investment was concentrated primarily in providing training and technical assistance in the areas of administration, management, curriculum development, educational methodologies and teaching technologies cooperation was predominantly in the fields of management, environment, health, education, and governance after 1994: later, the Canada-China University-Industry Partnership Program (CCUIPP) added a private sector element to the scope of programs further support was created through the Canadian Partnership Branch of CIDA through the University Partnerships in Cooperation and Development Program (UPCD) Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education ( )

Canada-China Management Education Program (CCMEP): organized through CIDA in 1983; active for 10 years, this program had a considerable impact on: the establishment of management education systems in Chinese institutions China’s economic development trained future nationwide known entrepreneurs, professors, scholars and business school deans program ended as direct bilateral relationships flourished Phase I ( ): established the Canada-China Enterprise Management Training (CCEMT) Centre 8 Chinese and 8 Canadian lead universities involved and many more through subsidiary activities Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education (CCMEP)

Phase II ( ): over a 7 year period, 407 person years of training in Canada is provided through government facilitated university linkages including: Alberta/Xian JiaotongUBC/Shanghai JiaotongDalhousie/Xiamen Concordia /Tianjin McGill /People’s Toronto/ HKUST UWO/ Waterloo/TsinghuaYork /Nankai Laval/ XianJiaotong/People’s McMaster/Tsinghua/Fudan about 150 Canadian faculty members supervised Ph.D. candidates, taught Ph.D.s, MBAs or Executive Development classes more than 100 MBA courses were taught in China and about 300 Chinese trainees were granted MBA degrees CIDA’s financial contribution for Phase II was more 26 million dollars Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education (CCMEP)

Modes of Co-operation Aspects of Student Mobility: A.1-way Mobility, Exchange Agreements 1-way student mobility programs are common in Canada due to a number of factors: imbalance in academic standing of institutions language imbalance (predominance of English) incentive through scholarship B. Single Term to Multi-year duration varies widely; single term allows students to get sample of international experience with minimal disruption to Home Institution education, some may allow multi-year which allows students to complete studies Host Institution C. X+Y, joint degree the terms under which studies are done vary ; x+y and joint degrees allow student to be granted degrees from the host institution (x+y) or both institutions (joint)

Aspects of Student Mobility: Student motivation: international/cultural experience higher standard education Institutional motivation: helps establish relationship gain students with international-standard education identify potential graduate students (host) Issues: cost to student/institution “brain drain” (home institution) determining/establishing equivalent standards Modes of Co-operation

X + Y Programs x+y means 2+2, 3+1, 3+2, 4+1 where “x” refers to years at the home institution and “y” refers to years at the host institution allows students to do initial years at Home university and complete degree at Host university graduates usually receive a degree from each institution some culminate in Bachelor and Masters degree e.g., University of Waterloo & Chinese university 2+2 for B.Sc. (multiple partner universities: Nanjing, USTB, BIT, HIT, etc.) Modes of Co-operation

X + Y Programs Sustainability concerns for x+y programs: on-going “brain drain” effect may denigrate standing of Home institution fluctuations in Host institution capacity cost variation language issues Modes of Co-operation

Other Modes of Co-operation: graduate student research, supervision and training post-doc research, supervision and training young faculty training Modes of Co-operation

Undergrads applying to Canadian university must submit: Senior High School Graduation Examination Chinese National University Entrance Examination (Gaokao) English language proficiency test results (e.g., TOEFL, IELTS, etc.) universities individually set their score requirements Costs include: Tuition: $10,000 – $22,000 per academic year (2 terms, 8 months) Living: $5,600 - $9,400 per academic year (8 months) costs vary widely by university prestige and proximity to larger cities Undergraduate Students - China to Canada

Graduate students are required to submit : diploma and transcript of bachelor's or comparable degree English language proficiency test results (e.g., TOEFL, IELTS, etc.) universities individually set their score requirements Costs include: Tuition: $10,000 – $30,000 per academic year (2 terms, 8 months) Living: $5,600 - $9,400 per academic year (8 months) costs vary widely by university prestige and proximity to larger cities many universities will make Teaching Assistant positions available to offset costs Graduate Students from China to Canada

China Scholarship Council (CSC) provides financial assistance to the Chinese citizens wishing to study abroad provides financial assistance to the foreign citizens wishing to study in China aims to develop the educational, scientific, technological and economic cooperation between China and other countries Graduate Students from China to Canada

China-Canada Scholars' Exchange Program enhanced in 2009 CSC sponsors various types of scholarships including graduate, doctoral and post-doctoral another type of CSC doctoral scholarship is called a “sandwich” or “visiting” scholarship (1 year duration) provides “full” scholarships which cover living and travel costs, some or all of tuition costs tuition costs are generally split between host institutions and CSSEP scholarships can last up to 4 years, depending upon the program What role could CSC have with regard to young faculty training and support (e.g. visiting scholars)? Graduate Students from China to Canada

Canadian university campuses in China great interest in the idea of “branch” campuses campuses are formed in partnership with local university and with complex accreditation procedures difficulty in developing a viable model, issues include: concern about dilution of university identity/reputation adequate and stable revenue model stability of partnerships and costs possibilities are immense in terms of: realizing university’s vision expanding pool of excellent students and faculty revenue generation New Modes of Cooperation

Where do we go from here? How can CSC and other government and university support be utilized further for post-doc training? How can we create opportunities and expand upon: co-graduate supervision, co-executive training, co-teaching material development particular using Chinese philosophy and culture and societal characteristics? New Modes of Cooperation

History: 122 years old, founded in Toronto in 1887 moved to Hamilton 1930 Location: Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 1 hour west of Toronto, 1 hour north of Niagara Falls Size: a 300 acre campus with a 30 acre self-contained core Enrolment: a diverse and open community of over 21,000 undergraduate students and 4000 graduate students 1,408 faculty and 3,500 staff McMaster University

McMaster is world renown for: Top 100 Universities in the World according to both Shanghai Jiao Tong and Times Higher Education rankings the “McMaster Model”” a student-centred, problem-based, interdisciplinary approach to education which has been adopted by universities around the world high research intensity total sponsored research income over $345 million #1 in Canada research income per full-time faculty member averaging $308,000 per faculty member only North American host site of a United Nations University

Canadian universities are among the best in the world Canadian universities are consistently ranked in top 100 universities in the world Tuition fees for international students in Canada and living costs are among the lowest in the world On-campus work-study program, 3-year work permit after graduation (easy to get Canadian work experience) Canada the most multicultural country in the world According to the United Nations, Canada offers one of the highest standards for quality of life in the world Advantages to studying in Canada