Anatomical Terms and Reference Points Mr. Frey Athletic Training Terms #1 worksheet

Why do we use these terms? Medical language Common language and way of describing the body between medical professionals

Anatomical position Anatomical Starting point Unless another position is specifically mentioned

Planes of the body Sagital Plane – invisible line that divides the body into equal right and left halves Transverse (horizontal) Plane – Invisible line that divides the body into equal top and bottom halves Coronal (frontal) Plane – Invisible line that divides the body into equal front and back halves Center of gravity - exists at the intersection of all three planes

The Planes of the body

Flexion / Extension Flexion - Decreasing the angle of a joint Extension Increasing the angle of a joint

Supination / Pronation Supination – Turning the palms upward Pronation – Turning the palms downward

Circumduction Moving an appendage in a cone like motion

Adduction / Abduction Add vs. Abb Adduction - to move a body part closer to the Sagital Plane Abduction – to move a body part away from the Sagital Plane Jumping Jacks

Horizontal Abb and Adduction Moving a limb either toward or away from the Sagital Plane while the limb remains parallel to the transverse Plane

Medial Closer to the Sagital Plane The “inside” Usually used to refer to a location of something on the body The athlete presents with a bruise on the lateral side of the thigh

Lateral Further away from the Sagital Plane The “outside” Usually used to refer to a location of something on the body The player was weight bearing and was struck in the lateral side of the knee

Proximal Something that is closer to the middle of the body or something is closer to the middle of the body than something else “closer” Proximal – sounds like proximity Proximal IP Joint The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of the Femur

Distal Something that is further from the middle of the body or something is further from the middle of the body than something else “further away ” Distal – sounds like distance Proximal Interphalangeal Joint The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of the Femur

Anatomical Reference Points

Inversion / Eversion Inversion – turning the sole of the foot inward One of the most common mechanisms for injury in sports Eversion - turning the sole of the foot outward

Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion Only occurs at the ankle Plantarflexion – pointing the toes/foot downward “plant” you foot Dorsiflexion – pulling the toes/foot upwards

Acute Injuries Occur suddenly during activity “Mack truck syndrome” Sprains, Sprains, Fracture, Contusions, etc. Sings and symptoms can include: sudden, severe pain swelling inability to place weight on a lower limb extreme tenderness in an upper limb inability to move a joint through full range of motion extreme limb weakness visible dislocation / break of a bone

Chronic Injuries Injuries that occur over time Usually result from overusing one area of the body while playing a sport or exercising over a long period “itis” Tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, shin splints, stress fractures Signs and symptoms may include pain when performing activities a dull ache when at rest swelling

Inferior / Superior Inferior – Below or bottom Superior – Above or top The laceration is on the inferior part of the foot The athlete was struck 3 inches inferior to the patella Superior – Above or top The athlete mad contact with the superior aspect of his helmet

Anterior You may also use ventral Front or in front of Something could be anterior to something else Could be an anterior view of something A view from the front

Posterior Could also use dorsal Back or behind something Dorsal fin Something could be posterior to something else Could be a posterior view of something A view from the back

Sprain Stretch or tear of a ligament Ligament connect bone to bone Usually due to forced excessive movements

Strain Stretch or tear of a muscle or tendon Muscle – contractile fiber that produces movement Tendon – connect bone to muscle Usually occurs due to muscular imbalance or inflexibility “pulled” muscle

Grading system for Sprains and Strains Grade 1 – overstretch Microtears Grade 2 – partial tear Grade 3 – complete tear rutpure

Dislocation / Subluxation Dislocation- bone comes out of the joint and stays out Bodies response to the dislocation may make the injury worse Subluxation – bone comes out of the joint but the body reduced the joint itself “pops out but pops right back in”

Closed Chain vs. Open Chain Closed Chain Position – Feet are always in contact with the ground Bike, elliptical trainer, cross-country skiing Compression forces = GOOD! Open Chain Position – feet come off of the ground Running / jogging Shearing forces = BAD!

Gliding joint Two flat surfaces that glide over one another Tarsals and carpals

Hinge Joint Allows movement in one plane only Uniaxial IP joints, ulnohumeral joint (elbow)

Pivot Joint Allow one movement (rotation, pronation, supination) Radius rotates on ulna to allow pronation and supination

Condylar joint Allows one primary movement with small amounts of movement in another plane Knee joint, Tempromandibular joint

Ellipsoid Joint Allows movement in two planes Biaxial Interphalangeal joints

Saddle Joint Found in the thumb Allows two plane of movement Carpometacarpal joint Allows two plane of movement

The Ball and Socket Joint Allows movement in three planes Hip and shoulder