Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-1 Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College-Omaha

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-2 Sensation and Perception

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-3 Sensation and Perception Our Sensational Senses Vision Hearing Other Senses Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences Puzzles of Perception

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-4 Sensation and Perception Sensation: The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects; it occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs. Perception: The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-5 Ambiguous Figure Colored surface can be either the outside front surface or the inside back surface –Cannot simultaneously be both Brain can interpret the ambiguous cues two different ways

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-6 Our Sensational Senses The Riddle of Separate Sensations Measuring the Senses Sensory Adaptations Sensory Overload

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-7 The Riddle of Separate Sensations Sense Receptors: Specialized neurons that convert physical energy from the environment or the body into electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain. Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies: Different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-8 Measuring the Senses Absolute Threshold –The smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer Difference Threshold –The smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared; also called Just Noticeable Difference (JND).

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-9 Absolute Sensory Thresholds Vision: A single candle flame from 30 miles on a dark, clear night Hearing: The tick of a watch from 20 feet in total quiet Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 3-room apartment Touch: The wing of a bee on your cheek, dropped from 1 cm Taste: 1 tsp. Sugar in 2 gal. water

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-10 Absolute Sensory Thresholds Despite our impressive sensory skills, our senses are tuned to a narrow band of physical energies. Other species can detect signals that we cannot.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-11 Signal Detection Theory Holds that responses in a detection task depend on a sensory process and a decision process. These may vary with a person’s motivation, alertness, and expectations

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-12 Sensory Adaptations Sensory Adaptation: The reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness that occurs when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious. Sensory Deprivation: The absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-13 Sensory Overload Selective Attention: The focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-14 Vision What We See An Eye on the World Why the Visual System is Not a Camera How We See Colors Constructing the Visual World

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-15 What We See Hue: The dimension of visual experience specified by color names and related to the wavelength of light. Saturation: Vividness or purity of color; the dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves. Brightness: Lightness and luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-16 An Eye on the World Retina: Neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball’s interior, which contains the receptors for vision. Rods: Visual receptors that respond to dim light. Cones: Visual receptors involved in color vision. Most humans have 3 types of cones. Dark Adaptation: The process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to light.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-17 Structures of the Human Eye

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-18 Retinal Image

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-19 Structures of the Retina

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-20 The Visual System is Not a Camera Much visual processing is done in the brain. –Some cortical cells respond to lines in specific orientations (e.g. horizontal) –Other cells in the cortex respond to other shapes (e.g., bulls-eyes, spirals, faces) Feature-detectors: Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-21 How We See Colors Trichromatic Theory Opponent Process Theory

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-22 Trichromatic Theory T. Young (1802) & H. von Helmholtz (1852) both proposed that the eye detects 3 primary colors –Red, blue, & green All other colors can be derived by combining these three

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-23 Opponent-Process Theory A competing theory of color vision, which assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic. Opponent-Process cells are inhibited by a color, and have a burst of activity when it is removed.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-24 Constructing the Visual World Form Perception Depth and Distance Perception Visual Constancies: When Seeing is Believing Visual Illusions: When Seeing is Misleading

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-25 Gestalt Principles Gestalt principles describe the brain’s organization of sensory building blocks into meaningful units and patterns. –Proximity –Closure –Similarity –Continuity

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-26 Depth and Distance Perception Binocular Cues: Visual cues to depth or distance that require the use of both eyes. –Convergence: Turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object –Retinal Disparity: The slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye. Monocular Cues: Visual cues to depth or distance that can be used by one eye alone.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-27 Visual Constancies The accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce. –Shape constancy –Location constancy –Size constancy –Brightness constancy –Color constancy

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-28 Visual Illusions Illusions are valuable in understanding perception because they are systematic errors. –Illusions provide hints about perceptual strategies In the Muller-Lyer illusion (above) we tend to perceive the line on the right as slightly longer than the one on the left.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-29 Fooling the Eye The cats in (a) are the same size The diagonal lines in (b) are parallel You can create a “floating fingertip frankfurter” by holding hands as shown, 5-10” in front of face.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-30 Hearing What We Hear An Ear on the World Constructing the Auditory World

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-31 What We Hear Loudness: The dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a pressure wave. Pitch: The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave. Timbre (pronounced “TAM-bur”): The distinguishing quality of sound; the dimension of auditory experience related to the complexity of the pressure wave.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-32 An Ear on the World

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-33 Other Senses Taste: Savory Sensations Smell: The Sense of Scents Senses of the Skin The Mystery of Pain The Environment Within

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-34 Taste: Savory Sensations Papillae: Knoblike elevations on the tongue, containing the taste buds (Singular: papilla). Taste buds: Nests of taste-receptor cells.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-35 Smell: The Sense of Scents Airborne chemical molecules enter the nose and circulate through the nasal cavity. –Vapors can also enter through the mouth and pass into nasal cavity. Receptors on the roof of the nasal cavity detect these molecules.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-36 Smell: The Sense of Scents Red bars show the people who could identify a substance dropped on the tongue when they were able to smell it

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-37 Smell: The Sense of Scents The Blue bars show the people who could identify the substance when they were not able to smell it

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-38 Senses of the Skin The skin senses include: –Touch –Warmth –Cold –Pain –Various others (itch and tickle)

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-39 Gate-Control Theory of Pain Experience of pain depends (in part) on whether the pain impulse gets past neurological “gate” in the spinal cord and thus reaches the brain.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-40 Neuromatrix Theory of Pain Theory that the matrix of neurons in the brain is capable of generating pain (and other sensations) in the absence of signals from sensory nerves.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-41 The Environment Within Kinesthesis: The sense of body position and movement of body parts; also called kinesthesia. Equilibrium: The sense of balance. Semicircular Canals: Sense organs in the inner ear, which contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-42 Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences Inborn Abilities and Perceptual Lessons Psychological and Cultural Influences on Perception

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-43 The Visual Cliff Devised by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk to test depth perception Glass surface, with checkerboard underneath at different heights –Visual illusion of a cliff –Baby can’t fall

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-44 The Visual Cliff Mom stands across the gap. Babies show increased attention over deep side at age 2 months, but aren’t afraid until about the age they can crawl.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-45 Psychological and Cultural Influences on Perception Needs Emotions Expectations –Perceptual Set: A habitual way of perceiving, based on expectations. Beliefs

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-46 Puzzles of Perception Subliminal Perception Extrasensory Perception: Reality or Illusion?

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6-47 Extrasensory Perception Extrasensory Perception (ESP): –The ability to perceive something without ordinary sensory information –This has not been scientifically demonstrated Three types of ESP: –Telepathy – Mind-to-mind communication –Clairvoyance – Perception of remote events –Precognition – Ability to see future events