Unit Ten: The Nervous System: B. Special Senses Chapter 53: The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition

Sense of Taste Primary Sensation of Taste Sour Salty Sweet Bitter Umami

Sense of Taste Threshold for Taste- much more sensitive to bitter taste than all of the others (important protective function from toxins in food) Taste Blindness- some people are taste “blind” for substances; phynylthiocarbamide (15-30% of people); unknown reasons

Taste Buds and Their Function Sense of Taste Taste Buds and Their Function Fig. 53.1 Taste bud

Sense of Taste Taste Bud Location- found on three types of papillae on the tongue Large number on the walls of the troughs that surround the circumvallate papillae Moderate numbers on the fungiform papillae over the flat anterior surface of the tongue Moderate numbers on the foliate papillae on the folds along the lateral surface of the tongue Also on palate, tonsils, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus e. Adults have 3000-10000; degenerate with age (45 yrs)

Sense of Taste Specificity of Taste Buds- each taste bud responds mostly to one of the five primary taste stimuli when the substance is in low concentration; high concentrations will stimulate two or more taste bud types

Sense of Taste Mechanism of Stimulation Receptor potential- substance causes the taste hair to depolarize For salty and sour, the receptor opens specific ion channels For sweet and bitter, a second messenger is activated b. Generation of nerve impulses by the taste bud

Transmission of Taste Signals into the CNS Sense of Taste Transmission of Taste Signals into the CNS Fig. 53.2

Sense of Taste Rapid Adaptation of Taste Taste Preference- results from a mechanism within the CNS; can develop taste aversion or negative taste preference

Sense of Smell Olfactory Membrane Fig. 53.3

Sense of Smell Olfactory Cells bipolar nerve cells; 100 million interspersed between the sustentacular cells Olfactory hairs project into the mucus that coats the inner surface of the nasal cavity Hairs form a dense mat in the mucus, react to odors, and stimulate the olfactory cells Boweman’s glands secrete mucus onto the surface of the membrane

Sense of Smell Stimulation of the Olfactory Cells Odorant substance binds to receptor proteins in the membrane of each cilium (hair cell) Receptor proteins folds its way into and out of the membrane about 7 times Inside fold is bound to a G protein which then activates adenyl cyclase to form cAMP d. cAMP activates gated sodium ion channels to open

Sense of Smell Stimulation of the Olfactory Cells Ions pour in and depolarize the membrane Excites the olfactory nerve and transmits Aps into the CNS Only volatile substances can be smelled Substances must be soluble in water Helpful to be slightly lipid soluble

Sense of Smell Rapid Adaptation of Olfactory Sensations- 50% in the first couple of seconds Primary Sensations of Smell Camphoraceous Musky Floral Pepperminty Ethereal Pungent Putrid

Transmission of Smell Signals into the CNS Sense of Smell Transmission of Smell Signals into the CNS Fig. 53.5 Neural connections of the olfactory system