List three (3) differences between 9 th and 12 th graders. Do Now

How do we use the Scientific Method in Psychological Research? Hypothesis: Statement of expected results Subjects chosen Subjects divided up Experimental Group (get the experiment) Control Group (do not get the experiment) Variables: Factors that change in an experiment

How to tell the difference between variables Independent Variable IF A request is made by a person in a uniform Dependent Variable THEN More people will reply to this request

Group on which critical part of experiment is performed This group gets the real sleeping pills

Control Group Consists of subjects who are just like the experimental group except will not participate in the study This group will not receive a placebo Placebo is a medicine that has no active ingredients and works by power of suggestion

Dependent Variable What results from the experimenter manipulating the independent variable Ex. Better sleep, less sleep, etc. Subjects Two groups of people in similar health, same age, similar sleep issues Control Removal of factors that may prove hypothesis – but would alter results. Older people, people with colds, on other medication, etc. Independent Variable (The variable the experimenter changes) Experimenter gives one group real sleeping pills and one group placebos Hypothesis 2 sleeping pills help people with insomnia

What is a double-blind study? Patient’s expectations Wondering which group gets real drug Subject Researcher interprets results Knowing who got the real drug can impact objectivity Researcher Patient doesn’t know Researcher doesn’t know Accurate Results

What is a Control? Examples: Subject with cold, on medication, or any other issue that could cause the results to be effected Something that could skew results Experimental Subjects removed

Review: Research Methods Test 1. What is a hypothesis? 2. What part of an experiment is the Independent Variable? 3. What part is the Dependent Variable? 4. What is the experimental group? 5. What is a control group? *Bonus: What is a placebo?

Are researchers responsible for their subjects – even if they volunteer for an experiment? Do Now

Experiments: Harlow’s MonkeysHarlow’s Monkeys In subsequent experiments, Harlow’s monkeys proved that “better late than never” was not a slogan applicable to attachment. When Harlow placed his subjects in total isolation for the first eights months of life, denying them contact with other infants or with either type of surrogate mother, they were permanently damaged. Harlow and his colleagues repeated these experiments, subjecting infant monkeys to varied periods of motherlessness. They concluded that the impact of early maternal deprivation could be reversed in monkeys only if it had lasted less than 90 days, and estimated that the equivalent for humans was six months. After these critical periods, no amount of exposure to mothers or peers could alter the monkeys’ abnormal behaviors and make up for the emotional damage that had already occurred.

What are some types of research studies?

Cross Sectional Studies Random sample of population May not truly measure generational issues Case Study Detailed information Very detailed, no comparisons Pro Con

Survey Quick way to gather a lot of information Questions can be misunderstood Interview One on one information Subject can be less than truthful – interpretation issues Pro Con

Lab Experiment Research completely objective Artificial Setting Field Setting More realistic than Lab setting Difficult to control variables Pro Con

Naturalistic Observation Observe in natural environment No subject feedback Longitudinal Study Gathers information over a subject’s life Expensive to undertake and keep track of subjects Pro Con

What bothers you the most about people? Why do they do it? How would you prove it?

Which method of research would best yield the most accurate data for your question?

What are Ethics? You will see many studies that used: Deception,deliberate creation of anxiety in subjects Studies justified on grounds that: We are seeking more information about human beings More knowledge = the more people can be helped Problems in history of psychological research: Stanley Milgram Experiment Stanford Prison Experiment Little Albert You will see many studies that used: Deception,deliberate creation of anxiety in subjects Studies justified on grounds that: We are seeking more information about human beings More knowledge = the more people can be helped Problems in history of psychological research: Stanley Milgram Experiment Stanford Prison Experiment Little Albert

The American Psychological Association 1992 Subjects must have right to decline/withdraw participation Openness and honesty (disclose as soon as possible afterwards if this would skew results) Information obtained must remain confidential Experimenter has duty to assess any potential risks, and inform subject – correct/remove undesirable consequences Subjects must have right to decline/withdraw participation Openness and honesty (disclose as soon as possible afterwards if this would skew results) Information obtained must remain confidential Experimenter has duty to assess any potential risks, and inform subject – correct/remove undesirable consequences

What is Classical Conditioning? The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. Smell Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) Hungry (Unconditioned Response) Lunch Bell Rings (Conditioned Stimulus) Hungry when you hear bell (Conditioned Response) What is a Conditioned Stimulus? One of the best-known aspects of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Laid the groundwork for Behaviorism. Often used in training pets and teaching children.

The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. For example, if the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. Smell Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) Hungry (Unconditioned Response) Lunch Bell Rings (Conditioned Stimulus) Hungry when you hear bell (Conditioned Response) What is an Unconditioned Response?

The conditioned stimulus is the previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. For example, suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and a feeling of hunger is the unconditioned response. Now, imagine that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of the lunch bell. While the bell is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the bell was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the bell is the conditioned stimulus. Smell Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) Hungry (Unconditioned Response) Lunch Bell Rings (Conditioned Stimulus) Hungry when you hear bell (Conditioned Response) What is a Conditioned Stimulus?

What is a Conditioned Response? The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. For example, let's suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is a unconditioned response, and the sound of a whistle is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. Smell Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) Hungry (Unconditioned Response) Lunch Bell Rings (Conditioned Stimulus) Hungry when you hear bell (Conditioned Response)

Summary Scientific Method is used in Psychology experiments Hypothesis: statement of expected results. Can be proved or disproved through observation and experimentation Experimental Group: Group participating in experiment Control Group: Group not participating in the experiment Control: removal of subjects that could skew results Variables: factors introduced or resulting from experiment Independent Variable: Variable controlled by Researcher Dependent Variable: Result of Experiment Placebo: medicine with no active ingredients – works by power of suggestion Double Blind Study: Experiment with neither the subject nor researcher knowing who has the placebo – removes expectations that can skew results Ethics: Guidelines for Psychological Experiments – results must outweigh risks. There are many types of psychological studies – each has their pros and cons. Types: Field Studies, Lab Experiments, Naturalistic Observation, Case Studies, Surveys, Longitudinal and Cross Sectional Studies, and Interviews. Classical Conditioning: is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Unconditioned Stimulus: one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. Conditioned Stimulus: previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response Unconditioned Response: s the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus: previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response