Chapter 6 Section 1 “The New South” 2.1, 2.2, 9.1 U.S. History I Chapter 6 Section 1 “The New South” 2.1, 2.2, 9.1

Industries and Cities Grow After the American Civil War, southern leaders wanted to Industrialize the south Many Factories opened Railroad built between major southern cities Atlanta, Dallas, Nashville, began to rival Chicago and Boston Recovery Limited- South had to “repair” damage after war and still lagged behind north Limited public education could not create effective workforce Southern banks failed after war

Southern Farmers Face Hard Times Cash Crop: Cotton/Tobacco still very popular in south Cotton prices fell Reliance on one crop was risky Farmer’s Alliance: Groups that negotiated lower farm supply prices

Black Southerners Gain and Lose Gains: Abolition of Slavery (13th Amendment), Citizenship (14th), and Voting Rights (15th). Businesses opened More Political Power Achieved More access to education White Backlash: Ku Klux Klan: used terror and violence to intimidate Segregation laws passed Civil Rights Act of 1875: Overturned by supreme court in 1883 Plessy v. Ferguson: “Separate but Equal” Set up legalized segregation for decades “Jim Crow)

Section 2 Westward Expanion and American Indians 2.6, 9.3, 9.4 Chapter 6 Section 2 Westward Expanion and American Indians 2.6, 9.3, 9.4

Background: Treaties/Local Interest 1830: Indian Removal -reservation- Land set aside For American Indians 1851: Ft. Laramie -allowed forts 1867: Medicine Lodge -Move to reservations 1868: Ft. Laramie: -Sioux move to “Black Hills”

“Sioux Uprising and Fetterman Fight”: Peace Plans Fail Nomads – roamed vast distances following their main source of food. Annuities – payments to reservation dwellers Little Crow – Asked (right) traders to provide food to his people on credit. Fetterman’s Massacre: Wyoming – The Lakota Sioux defended their territory against the building of the Bozeman Trail Red River War: Oklahoma/Texas 1867 treaty broken as whites hunt buffalo on Indian land” 1874-1875: Comanche-Kiowas rebel and then surrender to U.S. Army

Sand Creek to Little Big Horn Sand Creek Massacre – Took place along Sand Creek in eastern Colorado. Black Kettle- Indian Peace Commission – Proposed creating two large reservations on the Plains. One for the Sioux and one for the southern Plains Indians. George A. Custer-bottom left Commander of the Seventh Cavalry. Crazy Horse: Bottom Right – Little Big Horn Montana: 1876: Custer attacks Sioux/Cheyenne Forces and is slaughtered Ghost Dance – ritual that celebrated a hoped-for day of reckoning when settlers would disappear, the buffalo would return, and native Americans would be reunited with their deceased ancestors.

Wounded Knee: The Last Indian Battle 1890 Chief Joseph:Top Left: Nez Perce chief captured near Bear Paw Mountain-Montana: “I will fight no more, forever” 1877 Geronimo: Bottom: Surrendered in 1886 near Skeleton Canyon, Arizona Sitting Bull:Top Right: Sioux Chief killed on Reservation Dec 15th 1890 two weeks before “Wounded Knee” Helen Hunt Jackson: Bottom Right: Wrote A Century of Dishonor to criticize government treatment of Native Americans Wounded Knee: Dec. 29th 1890: U.S. T

“Last Indian Battle” Wounded Knee: South Dakota: Dec. 29th 1890: U.S. Troops attack and kill between 250-500 Sioux men, women, and children who were taking part in a “Ghost Dance” This event marked the end of all Indian Resistance Assimilate – to be absorbed/blend Allotments – were families could be self-supporting. (Dawes Act)

Current Reservations: U.S.

Pine Ridge Statistics: Sioux Income: $2,600-$3,500/ year Unemployment Rate: 83% % Below Poverty Line: 97% Life Expectancy: Men = 48 Women = 52 Teen Suicide Rate: 150% Higher than U.S. Drop-out rate: 70% 80% of families affected by alcohol related issues 59% of homes considered “unlivable” Native American Citizenship granted: 1924! Ironic! Lakota Woman: Mary Crow Dog Discusses AIM and the 1970’s

Chapter 6 Settling the West 1865-1900 Section 3 Transforming the West: Mining Ranching, and Farming 2.1, 2.3, 2.6

“Comstock Lode” Placer Mining – Using picks, shovels, and pans. Quartz Mining – Dug deep beneath the surface. -Dynamite Henry Comstock –Right Staked a claim in Six Mile Canyon, Nevada. Vigilance Committees – self appointed volunteers punishing wrongdoers. Boom Town: Virginia City http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/nm/nm.html

“ The Long Drive” Open Range – A vast area of grassland owned by the government. Long Drive – From either Abilene or Dodge City in Kansas to Sedalia, Missouri. Chisholm Trail – A town that rivaled the mining towns in terms of rowdiness. Mavericks – stray calves with no identifying symbols “Range Wars”-open fighting between cattle ranchers (Cowboys) William H. Bonney: “Billy the Kid” Lincoln County War: N.Mex.

“End of Long Drive” Barbed Wire – enabled hundreds of square miles to be fenced off cheaply and easily. –Joseph Glidden (Right Pic.) Refrigerated Rail Car -Gustavus Swift (Left Pic.)

“Great American Desert” Great Plains – Extended westward to the Rocky Mountains from around the 100th meridian. Stephen Long – Explored the region with an army expedition in 1819. Homestead Act – For a $10 registration fee, an individual could file for a homestead. Homestead – A tract of public land available for settlement.

Farming the Plains Dry Farming – Plant seeds deep in the ground where there was enough moisture for them to grow. Sodbusters – those who plowed the soil on the Plains. Bonanza Farms – Large Corporate Farms that often yielded big profits. Drove Small Family Farms out of Business.

Railroads Open the West Transcontinental Railroad: Linked the east and west Land Grants: Government land given to RR companies to sell Central Pacific: Sacramento, California (Chinese Immigrants) Union Pacific: Omaha, Nebraska (Irish, German, African American) 1869: Promontory Point, Utah: Place that country was officially “connected” with GOLDEN SPIKE