Inside Earth Geologists study Earth and the processes that have shaped Earth over time. They study the minerals and rocks that make up Earth, physical conditions inside Earth, and the forces inside Earth that affect the surface Geologists study Earth and the processes that have shaped Earth over time. They study the minerals and rocks that make up Earth, physical conditions inside Earth, and the forces inside Earth that affect the surface Which indirect methods is used by geologists to study Earth’s interior? Which indirect methods is used by geologists to study Earth’s interior? studying seismic waves studying seismic waves

Inside Earth Earth’s interior is divided into the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core. The crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle are called the lithosphere. Earth’s interior is divided into the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core. The crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle are called the lithosphere. Most scientists believe the two layers of Earth’s core are made of what? Most scientists believe the two layers of Earth’s core are made of what? nickel and iron nickel and iron Let’s name the layers… Let’s name the layers… Let’s name the layers… Let’s name the layers…

Minerals A mineral is a solid, inorganic material that forms naturally on or beneath Earth’s surface. A mineral generally has a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure. A mineral is a solid, inorganic material that forms naturally on or beneath Earth’s surface. A mineral generally has a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure. Some of the properties of minerals include hardness, color, luster, density and how the minerals break apart Some of the properties of minerals include hardness, color, luster, density and how the minerals break apart Remember Mohs Hardness Scale? You find a mineral that can be scratched by a steel knife, but not by a copper penny. What is this mineral’s hardness on the Mohs scale? Remember Mohs Hardness Scale? You find a mineral that can be scratched by a steel knife, but not by a copper penny. What is this mineral’s hardness on the Mohs scale? Greater than 3 but less than 6 Greater than 3 but less than 6

Minerals Many minerals form when molten material cools and hardens. Other minerals form when materials dissolved in water come out of solution. Many minerals form when molten material cools and hardens. Other minerals form when materials dissolved in water come out of solution. Petroleum (oil) is a naturally occurring substance from inside Earth. Can petroleum be considered a mineral? Petroleum (oil) is a naturally occurring substance from inside Earth. Can petroleum be considered a mineral? No, petroleum is not a mineral because it is a liquid and is formed from organic material No, petroleum is not a mineral because it is a liquid and is formed from organic material

The Rock Cycle How do scientists classify rocks? How do scientists classify rocks? based on color, texture, composition and how the rocks are formed based on color, texture, composition and how the rocks are formed The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic What type of igneous rocks are there? What type of igneous rocks are there? Extrusive and Intrusive Extrusive and Intrusive What type of sedimentary rocks are there? What type of sedimentary rocks are there? Clastic rock, Organic Rock and Chemical Rock Clastic rock, Organic Rock and Chemical Rock

The Rock Cycle Rocks can be formed when magma or lava hardens, when sediments are cemented and compacted together, or when heat and pressure change rock deep beneath Earth’s surface Rocks can be formed when magma or lava hardens, when sediments are cemented and compacted together, or when heat and pressure change rock deep beneath Earth’s surface The series of processes on and beneath Earth’s surface that change rocks from one type to another is called the rock cycle. The series of processes on and beneath Earth’s surface that change rocks from one type to another is called the rock cycle.