471-480 - Analyze document sources. - Describe the changing nature 471-480 - Analyze document sources. - Describe the changing nature of work during the late 19th Century.

Directions: 1. Read “Point/Counterpoint” debate and decide whether you think these industrialist were “Robber Barons” OR “Captains of Industry”. (be able to defend your position). 2. View the political cartoons and analyze one that supports your position and one that opposes your view.

Mildly Agree Captains of Industry. Mildly Agree Robber Barons What’s your position? Where These industrial tycoons Robber Barons or Captains of Industry AND why? Strongly Agree Captains of Industry. Strongly Agree Robber Barons

The Changing Nature of Work Demand for low skilled labor increased resulting in the “deskilling” of artisans. Conditions of labor: low pay – US Steel paid 12.50/week dangerous – Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle” long hours – 10 hour days, six days a week. sweatshops – “the needle” trade or garment industry was common.

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

The Changing Nature of Work Child labor common to see children as young as age seven in the garment trade. coal mines employed “breaker boys” to sort ore.

The Changing Nature of Work Child labor Working women – Paid less than men – St. Louis factory paid men $16, but only $4 to women for same job. Most were single, under age 25 and oftentimes forced into prostitution. Authors Kate Chopin Theodore Dreiser’s “Sister Carrie” Options improved when the type writer and sewing machine were invented.

Responses to these Conditions: Authors: Photojournalist Jacob Riis publishes work “How The Other Half Lives” about the harsh poverty and tenement living conditions in American cities.

Mulberry Street Bend, 1889

Responses to these Conditions: Reformers: Riis’ work led to the Settlement House Movement in Chicago, by Jane Addams when she created the “Hull House”. Industrialists: Gospel of Wealth was idea supported by Andrew Carnegie that hard work led to wealth, laziness led to poverty.

“The Gospel of Wealth” Poverty due to flawed character traits. Inequality is inevitable and good as it rewards hard work. HOWEVER, he also suggested that wealthy industrialists give back some of their wealth to society (schools, libraries, universities..)! Andrew Carnegie

Responses to these Conditions: Reformers: Led to the Settlement House Movement in Chicago, Jane Addams “Hull House” Industrialists: Gospel of Wealth was idea supported by Andrew Carnegie that hard work led to wealth, laziness led to poverty. Social Darwinism was the idea adopted by John D. Rockefeller where humanity evolves by competition, or the “survival of the fittest”.

Social Darwinism Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to business and the notion of “Survival of the Fittest”. So…..once again, nothing can be done about poverty and the poor! Herbert Spencer

Responses: Workers organize The Great Uprising (1877) – Baltimore & Ohio RR strike Labor Unions Knights of Labor – (1869) Terrence Powderly Haymarket Square (1886) made unions appear radical and dangerous. American Federation of Labor – 1886 Sam Gompers Used “Collective Bargaining” and strikes IWW – Industrial Workers of the World (1905) Semi-skilled and unskilled workers in industry. Setbacks: (failures) The Homestead Steel Strike - (1892) A. Carnagie The Pullman Strike - (1894) Eugene Debs

Test Questions 10. Of the following, which is NOT a true statement about southern farmers and their fight to improve their circumstances from the 1870s to the 1890s? a. They engaged in trade when they could. b. They supplemented their income with diversification of other crops, livestock or jobs. c. They struggled to become better educated so they wouldn’t have to work the farm forever. d. They formed farmer organizations.

Test Questions 20. Which statement about lynchings in the South in the 1890s is true? a. Lynchings decreased compared to the Reconstruction era b. Leaders of lynch mobs tended to come from the wealthy ruling class c. Lynchings and acts of violence against blacks increased dramatically d. The federal government began to aggressively attempt to end lynchings  

Test Questions 21. The decision in the Plessy v. Ferguson case   21. The decision in the Plessy v. Ferguson case a. placed segregation in the forefront of national political debate b. led to enactment of institutional segregation in the South c. had little actual effect on legislative actions in the South d. was issued with the unanimous support of the Court