CELLULAR COMPOUNDS Macromolecules

A. Overview Most matter in your body that is not water is made of organic compounds Organic compounds contain carbon (C) H H C H H

H H H H H H H H H C C H C H H C C C C C H H H H H H H H H Very large carbon compound molecules (up to thousands of C atoms) necessary for life are polymers of smaller monomers called macromolecules Monomer: singular molecule that may join other monomers to form a polymer Polymer: substance made up of two or more like molecules to form a more complex molecule H H H H H H H H H C C H C H H C C C C C H H H H H H H H H

Four classes of organic compounds found in living things: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

C H C O H H O B. Carbohydrates (4 calories per gram) Composed of C, H, O in C1H2O1 ratio Simplest kind of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide Mono = 1 Di = 2 Tri/poly = 3 or more C H C O H H O

building blocks of simple sugars or monosaccharides such as glucose (C6H12O6) is a major source of energy in cells Glucose

common table sugar is glucose joined to fructose to make a disaccharide sucrose

Largest kind of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides (MANY sugars)

3 kinds of polysaccharides: starch: used by plants for energy potatoes corn wheat

glycogen: used by mammals & stored in liver 60,000 glucose molecules bound together

cellulose: made by plants to form cell walls indigestible in humans (known as fiber) wood fruit cotton

C H H H H H H H H H O O C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H C. Lipids (9 calories per gram) Nonpolar molecule composed of large fatty acid chains of C with H bonds and few O C H H H H H H H H H O O C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H

Typical fat contains 3 fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol (glycerin) molecule Glycerol is a 3-carbon molecule (C3H8O3) that acts like the backbone holding 3 fatty acids together Glycerol

H H H C C H H H Beneficial for 3 reasons: Energy storage (in bonds between C and H atoms) Insulation (adipose tissue) Protective coatings (membranes) H H ATP H C C H H H

4 major types of lipids: Fats Phospholipids Waxes Steroids Vegetable oils (corn, olive) Animal fat and oils (fish) Phospholipids Cell membranes Waxes Ear wax Beeswax Steroids Testosterone Estrogen

All lipids can be classified in 3 ways: Saturated fatty acids = all C single bonds, solid

Unsaturated fatty acids = C-C double bond, liquid Monounsaturated (1 double bond) Polyunsaturated (>1 double bond) Trans fat (1 double bond)

C H O N S D. Proteins (4 calories per gram) Comprised of C, H, O, N, sometimes S Made of many amino acids strung together by peptide bond C H O N S

20 types of amino acids, so are thousands of types of proteins properties of amino acids determines its shape, pH, folding some are polar, some are nonpolar; some are electrically charged, others not

Specialized proteins have important functions: Enzyme promote and speed up chemical reactions Collagen is found in skin, hair, nails, tendons, bones

Antibodies aid in defense against infection Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues in blood

C H O N P E. Nucleic acids (0 calories) Complex biomolecules that stores information in form of a code; polymers made of smaller subunits called nucleotides Nucleotides comprised of C, H, O, N, and P C H O N P

3 major components: phosphate Sugar (ribose) Base

Two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Ribose containing nucleic acid without oxygen RNA (ribonucleic acid) Ribose containing nucleic acid with oxygen

My Macromolecules What should your macromolecules intake be? Nutrition pyramid (2010) Mypyramid.gov My plate (2011) Choosemyplate.gov

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