Figure 13.1 France, share of income invested, 1950–2010, per cent Data source: Heston, Summers, and Aten (2012).

Figure 13.2 Income levels and capital accumulation (Solow)

Figure 13.3 USA: GDP per capita, (log scale) Data sources: Maddison (2010) for the period , combined with Heston, Summers, and Aten (2012) rgdpch for 2009 and 2010, normalized at Notes: measured in international 1990 Geary-Khamis $; the thin line is a trend line

Figure 13.4 Income per capita and secondary schooling rate, 2010 Data source: World Development Indicators online; GDP per capita measured in constant 2000 US $.

Figure 13.5 Income per capita and years of schooling; World Bank regions, Data sources: Cohen and Soto (2007) for years of schooling (population 15-64; population-weighted averages) and World Bank Development Indicators online for per capita income (GDP in constant 2000 dollars); World Bank regions (developing countries only) are: MENA = Middle East & North Africa; LAC = Latin America & Caribbean; SSA = Sub-Sahara Africa; SA = South Asia; EAP = East Asia & Pacific; ECA = Eastern Europe & Central Asia; data for 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010

Figure 13.6 Japan and Indonesia: income per capita, Data sources: see Figure 13.3.

South 4 d c b b a North 1North 2 South 3 E4E4 FDI 24 FDI 13 FDI 14 FDI 23 Trade 24 Trade 13 Trade 23 Trade 14 Trade 34 North-South trade-related spillover North-South FDI-related spillover South-South trade- related spillover E3E3 education -related spillover Figure 13.7 Overview of technology spillovers in an open developing economy

Figure 13.8 Intertemporal adjustments in Singapore, 1972–2010, current account balance, per cent of GDP Data source: World Bank development indicators online

Figure 13.9 Rapid growth in Europe – Asia trade, Data source: Maddison (2001); “Other” refers to ships of the Danish, Swedish trading companies, and the Ostend company

Figure Multinational trade composition Data source: Maddison (2001).

Figure A Dutch ship in Nagasaki, 1859 Text (right to left): A long time ago the Dutch already were very skilled in navigation, and Dutch ships sailed around the world. The Dutch were very well versed in shipbuilding and of how to use ships profitably for foreign markets. They chose good materials and worked like when building up stone walls; they used iron nails and filled up cracks with tar and hemp. In the fourth month they sailed from their country (from Indonesia, the journey from Indonesia lasted much longer) and in the sixth month they arrived here. When (the ship arrives) in Nagasaki and the cannons, which are placed side by side, are fired, clouds appear and make the ship invisible. When the smoke has risen, the sails that had been visible in large numbers suddenly appear to have been rolled up. Upon departure they also fire cannons, and before the smoke has risen they have already hoisted the sails, astonishing the spectators. Their manoeuvring is truly miraculously fast and mysterious. Oranda fune no zu, Artist, Yoshitora; Publisher, Yokohama, Shimaya, 36.5 × 25.5 cm. Inv.nr.: NEHA SC 477 nr. 31, IISG.

Figure The Japanese economy, 1500–2008, GDP & exports, percent of world total Data sources: Maddison (2001, 2010) and World Development Indicators online for 2008 share of world exports (in current US dollars).

Figure Developments in Chinese income and trade flows, 1960–2011 Data source: World Development Indicators online; GDP per capita measured in constant 2000 US dollars; GLF = Great Leap Forward; CR = Cultural Revolution; Mao = Mao’s death; ER = Economic Reform; SP&TS = Student protests on Tiananmen Square; GR = start Great Recession.

Figure The Dupuit triangle

Figure Dynamic costs of trade restrictions Source: van Marrewijk and Berden (2007)