The Industrial Society 1850–1901

The Corliss Engine A “mechanical marvel” at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, the Corliss engine was a prime example of the giantism the public admired. (Source: “The Corliss Engine,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY.) The Corliss Engine A “mechanical marvel” at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, the Corliss engine was a prime example of the giantism the public admired. (Source: “The Corliss Engine,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY.)

The Industrial Society 1850–1901 Industrial Development An Empire on Rails An Industrial Empire The Sellers The Wage Earners Culture of Work

A Machine Culture U.S. fast becoming industrialized culture Developments in manufacturing, transportation, communications, changed society Laborers in steel, oil, railroads played leading role 2

Industrial Development

Industrial Development Late 19th-century U.S. offers ideal conditions for rapid industrial growth Abundance of cheap natural resources Large pools of labor Largest free trade market in the world Capital, government support without regulation Rapid growth 1865–1914 2

An Empire on Rails An Empire on Rails

An Empire on Rails U.S. industrial economy based on expansion of the railroads Steamships made Atlantic crossings twice as fast The telegraph and telephone transformed communications 3

Advantages of the Railroad Railroads transform American life End rural isolation Allow regional economic specialization Make mass production, consumption possible Lead to organization of modern corporation Stimulate other industries Railroads capture the imagination of the American people 4

Building the Empire 1865–1916: U.S. lays over 200,000 miles of track costing billions of dollars Expenses met by government at all levels Federal railroad grants prompt corruption 1850–1945: Railroads save government $1 billion in freight costs 5

Figure 18. 1 Railroad Construction, 1830–1920 Source: U. S Figure 18.1 Railroad Construction, 1830–1920 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Washington, DC, 1975. Figure 18.1 Railroad Construction, 1830–1920 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Washington, DC, 1975.

Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines No integrated rail system before Civil War After 1860 construction and consolidation of trunk lines proceeds rapidly East linked directly with Great Lakes, West 6

Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines (cont’d) Southern railroad system integrated in 1880s Rail transportation becomes safe, fast, reliable 6

Map 18.1 Railroads, 1870 and 1890 In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, railroads expanded into Texas, the far Southwest, and the Northwest, carrying settlers, businesses, and government to the far-flung areas. Map 18.1 Railroads, 1870 and 1890 In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, railroads expanded into Texas, the far Southwest, and the Northwest, carrying settlers, businesses, and government to the far-flung areas.

Rails Across the Continent 1862: Congress authorizes the transcontinental railroad Union Pacific works westward from Nebraska using Irish laborers Central Pacific works eastward using Chinese immigrants May 10, 1869: Tracks meet in Utah By 1900, four more lines to Pacific 7

Problems of Growth Intense competition among railroads Efforts to share freight in an orderly way fail After Panic of 1893, bankers gain control of railroad corporations 8

Problems of Growth (cont’d) Bankers impose order by consolidating to eliminate competition, increase efficiency In 1900, seven giant rail systems dominate 8

The Meeting of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads After the last spike was hammered in at Promontory, Utah, the pilots of the two locomotives exchanged champagne toasts. The chief engineers of the two lines are shaking hands. Absent from the photograph are the Chinese laborers who helped build the railroad. The Meeting of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads After the last spike was hammered in at Promontory, Utah, the pilots of the two locomotives exchanged champagne toasts. The chief engineers of the two lines are shaking hands. Absent from the photograph are the Chinese laborers who helped build the railroad.

An Industrial Empire An Industrial Empire

An Industrial Empire Bessemer process of refining steel permits mass production Use of steel changes agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, architecture 9

Figure 18.2 International Steel Production, 1880–1914

Carnegie and Steel 1872: Andrew Carnegie enters steel business By 1901, Carnegie employs 20,000 and produces more steel than Great Britain Sells out to J. P. Morgan Morgan heads incorporation of the United States Steel Company 11

Rockefeller and Oil Petroleum profitable as kerosene for lighting 1859: First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania 1863: John D. Rockefeller organizes Standard Oil Company of Ohio 12

Rockefeller and Oil (cont’d) Rockefeller lowers costs, improves quality, establishes efficient marketing operation Standard Oil Trust centralizes Rockefeller control of member companies outside Ohio 12

King of a New Industry John D King of a New Industry John D. Rockefeller, satirized in a 1901 Puck cartoon, is enthroned on oil, the base of his empire; other holdings gird his crown. King of a New Industry John D. Rockefeller, satirized in a 1901 Puck cartoon, is enthroned on oil, the base of his empire; other holdings gird his crown.

The Business of Invention Late 19th-century industry leads to new American technology An Age of Invention Telegraph, camera, processed foods, telephone, phonograph, incandescent lamp Electricity in growing use by 1900 13

The Sellers The Sellers

The Sellers Marketing becomes a science in late 1800s Advertising becomes common New ways of selling include chain store, department store, brand name, mail-order Americans become a community of consumers 14

The Wage Earners The Wage Earners

The Wage Earners The labor of millions of men and women built the new industrial society 1875–1900 real wages rose, working conditions improved, and workers’ national influence increased Health and educational services expanded benefiting workers 15

Working Men, Working Women, Working Children Chronically low wages Average wages: $400–500 per year, needed $600 for decent living Dangerous working conditions, accidents, pollutants Breadwinner might be woman or child “Child labor” means under 14; low wages

Working Men, Working Women, Working Children (cont’d) Women were young, single 25% of married African American women work Women move into clerical jobs, few become professionals Women’s earnings unequal to men’s

New Jobs for Women As demand for workers grew, women took over many of the duties formerly performed by men. Despite their performance in the workplace, however, the women were usually overseen by male supervisors. New Jobs for Women As demand for workers grew, women took over many of the duties formerly performed by men. Despite their performance in the workplace, however, the women were usually overseen by male supervisors.

Culture of Work Culture of Work

Culture of Work Factory work habits demand adjustments for immigrants, rural folk Many adjust well enough to advance Many more see children advance to better jobs 16

Labor Unions Early labor unions like fraternal orders 1886: Samuel Gompers founds American Federation of Labor A.F.L. seeks practical improvements for wages, working conditions Focus on skilled workers Ignores women, African Americans 17

Labor Unrest Workers form unions; argued for higher wages Employers try to apply strict laws of the market Court issues injunctions against strikes, broke Pullman Strike of 1894 1880–1900: 23,000 strikes 18

Map 18.2 Labor Strikes, 1870–1900 More than 14,000 strikes occurred in the 1880s and early 1890s, involving millions of workers. Map 18.2 Labor Strikes, 1870–1900 More than 14,000 strikes occurred in the 1880s and early 1890s, involving millions of workers.

Labor Unrest (cont’d) 1886: Chicago Haymarket incident prompts fears of anarchist uprising 1892: Homestead steel strike, Pinkerton detectives, strikers in gun battle State militia called into restore order 18

The Riot in Hay Market Square In the rioting that followed the bomb explosion in Haymarket Square in Chicago, seven police officers and five workers died and more than 60 officers were wounded, many of them by fellow police. The Riot in Hay Market Square In the rioting that followed the bomb explosion in Haymarket Square in Chicago, seven police officers and five workers died and more than 60 officers were wounded, many of them by fellow police.

Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs

Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs Benefits of rapid industrialization Rise in national power and wealth Improving standard of living 19

Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs (cont’d) Human cost of industrialization Exploitation Social unrest Growing disparity between rich and poor Increasing power of giant corporations 19

Timeline Timeline