American Expansion 1880-1920 and Gilded Age Foreign Policy Imperialism American Expansion 1880-1920 and Gilded Age Foreign Policy

Killed 2-15. eventually forced to turn over to belgium…..

Imperialism in a Global Context Europe is savagely dividing and controlling the “3rd World” amongst itself Lord Kitchener @ Omdurman King Leopold in the Congo Reasons for colonialism: Raw materials Market for manufactured goods Coaling and telegraph stations “civilizing” natives (white man’s burden) Missionaries Kitchener @ Omduhrman (Sudan) guns down +10K muslims with machine guns & repeating rifles (vs. spears) Leopold ½ pop of Congo held wives and children hostage for men to harvest quotas of rubber chopped of right hand if you failed Kipling wrote “white man’s burden” for Queen Victoria’s b-day, but satirically about US occupation of Philippines.

Division of Africa 1880- 10% controlled by european powers 1900- 100%

Division of SE Asia

US: isolation or imperialism join or die?

Monroe Doctrine 1820’s President James Monroe declares Europe must stay out of Western Hemisphere How can we enforce? Is this law? Is this fair to Latin America? 1860’s Napoleon III attempts to control Mexico

Acquisition of Alaska and Hawaii Seward’s Folly or Icebox 7.2 Million $ Hawaii: American Sugar companies control island’s politics Queen Liliokalani tries to control and American’s revolt Pres Cleveland refuses to annex (McKinley, 1898)

American ideas about Expansion We need markets for goods!!! And have always traded with the world Capt. Alfred Mahan’s book The Influence of Sea Power on History is influential Isolation v imperialism?

Cuba Spain ruled island for over 300 Years “Pearl” Cuban fight guerilla war for independence Reconcentrado: Spain places all peasants in forts, kills everyone else!

Spanish-American War 1898 McKinley and Yellow Press agitate for war with Spain USS Maine explodes!!! McKinley sends ultimatum America is not ready for the war Declaration of War clarified with the Teller Amendment It is a 2 Theater War Pacific: Philippines Atlantic: Cuba Wool uniforms Outgunned “embalmed beef” No horses Poor medicine

Pacific Theater As. Sec of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt sends Dewey to Philippines w/o orders Dewey gets ok to attack (Feb) Wipes out entire Spanish fleet in the Pacific with bold maneuver (May) Sec of Navy- John D. Long doesn’t trust TR…. Feb 15 main explodes Feb 25- Long leaves Navy dept, TR moves!

Division of SE Asia

Manila Harbor

TR’s early years Youth- Privileged Rough and tumble Loved nature Harvard Educated Mid-life crisis Sickly and asthmatic as a youngster… almost a challenge Feb 14- first wife and mother die same day, at the same house. Two days after his first daughter is born….. wife- kidney failure, known as “bright’s disease” mother form typhus Leaves alice w/ sister…………He goes to the dakotas

Cuba Rough Riders: US in Cuba: Odd assortment of cowboys and Ivy League With the 10th Cavalry they charge up Kettle Hill to win the battle of San Juan Hill US in Cuba: Defeat Spanish soldiers easily More soldiers die of disease than bullets!! US Navy bottles up Spanish fleet in Santiago Harbor and destroys their fleet!!!

Results of War Philippines will initially fight American control Cuba: Platt Amendment (Cuban Constitution): Cuba can’t sign treaty which weaken its independence US has right to lease naval stations No excessive foreign debt US has right to intervene in domestic affairs US- Puerto Rico, Guam, Guantanamo Bay Treaty passes senate by 1 vote! Many just wanted to end it… and get on w/ “civilizing” the phillipines.

American Diplomacy in Latin America Roosevelt Corollary: In rxn to German and Brit bombing Venezuela for defaulting on loans RC: if Hemisphere countries act irresponsibly, we may intervene in their internal affairs!!!

Panama Canal TR help starts a revolt in Colombia’s Panamanian Province US Navy prevents Colombia from intervening “I took it and left Congress to debate” US extends immediate recognition and signs canal treaty Building the canal: 1880: French failure Key is control of disease Earth moving machines and locks are engineering marvel Complete: 1914, open to world and currently owned by Panama

Results of Imperialism 3rd World controlled by industrialized nations Eventually Imperial powers image is tarnished in the 3rd World US gets involved in world affairs briefly and then retreats into isolation until WW1