THE ROOTS OF MOUNTAIN MUSIC From the earliest settlements to the modern era

Appalachians as Musical Melting Pot  Scots-Irish and English brought old songs, ballads and fiddle tunes  Germans brought church music, congregational singing and dulcimers  African Americans brought banjo and “call and response” work songs Gandy Dancer

Immigration Into Appalachians  The Great Wagon Road brought German and Scots-Irish from Pennsylvania (approximately along Rt. 11/I-81 corridor)

Further Immigration  Western movement from the Virginia Tidewater area brought freed African Americans and English to the mountain regions  The geography of the mountains encouraged people to stay in isolated valleys where they worked and socialized together, merging musical styles

Ballads  A ballad is a song that tells a story Ballad with DulcimerBallad with Dulcimer  Although immigrants could not bring many possessions with them, they could bring their songs and stories from their homeland  Settlers made up new songs to share stories about their current lives  Ballads were not written down – they were passed by word of mouth

The Fiddle  Early settlers could only bring small instruments with them from Europe.  The fiddle came with the Ulster Irish, the Germans and the English Traditional Irish MusicTraditional Irish Music  They brought a vast repertoire of instrumental tunes from the British Isles and made up new ones  Many of the old tunes are played today

The Banjo  African slaves brought their rhythms and a banjo-like instrument from Africa Hambone and History of Banjo Hambone and History of Banjo  The hollow gourd had a skin head and was played by plucking rhythmic patterns  On plantations in Coastal Virginia, slaves would play this banjo while the indentured Irish servants played fiddle - the first “dance band”  Freed slaves and indentured servants brought the fiddle/banjo combination to the mountains where it is still popular at concerts and gatherings of all kinds today. Fiddle/banjo

Dance  Early European settlers brought the social dances from their homeland to the mountains  These included dances similar to square, circle and line dances  An early form of clogging was done by Welsh seamen who migrated to England  African settlers and Cherokee contributed solo rhythmic dancing which influenced ‘flat footing’ and ‘clogging’

Minstrel Shows  Popular in northern cities, white comics painted their faces black and played fiddle, banjo, hand drums and hambones  One of the first outside influences in mountain music was the minstrel show.. Bones Player Blackface Sand Dancer Bones PlayerBlackface Sand Dancer  They were a blending of Afro and Anglo American music with added comedy and skits.  The minstrel shows spread interest in the banjo and stringbands. minstrel banjo style minstrel banjo style

Religious Music  From the 1700’s religious music was sung without harmony.  There were rarely any songbooks.  Songs had to have powerful melodies and simple words so everyone could sing along. Preachers would ‘line out’ a song – singing one line which was repeated by the congregation  When printed songbooks became available, ‘shape note’ singing schools became popular

Religious Music  By the mid 1800’s itinerant song leaders and music teachers traveled through the South teaching shaped note singing.  Shaped notes were an easy way to learn songs without having to read music. A triangle, oval, rectangle and diamond represented fa, sol, la and mi. These were originally used for all 7 notes of a scale.  Songbooks were written in four part harmony. Congregations first sang the shape name to learn their part, then added the words. Sacred Harp SingingSacred Harp Singing

Catalog Instruments  The Industrial Revolution, railroads and improved transportation made it easier for mountain folks to get instruments.  Autoharp, squeeze box, factory made banjos and guitars all made their way into the mountains through the Sears and Montgomery Ward catalogs.  When guitars began to come into use, the music became more chordal, a change from the fiddle and banjo that played just the melodies

Parlor Music  As mountain communities developed a middle class, well-to-do women entertained with music  Delicate ‘parlor’ banjo styles were developed Classical BanjoClassical Banjo  The new instruments, were available through catalogues and became popular to back up singing  New songs, “broadside ballads” were written in the ‘folk’ tradition to sound old. They were printed on one side and sold by minstrel and vaudeville performers. Carry Me Back to Ole Virginny  Harmony singing was added

The Guitar  The guitar was good to sing with and in the mountains, new styles were developed.  Black musicians developed the “blues”, a highly rhythmic syncopated style. Etta Baker Piedmont BluesEtta Baker Piedmont Blues  The guitar playing of Maybelle Carter reflects blues influences. Maybelle CarterMaybelle Carter  The guitar joined the fiddle and banjo to form a more powerful stringband.  With electricity and amplification, the guitar became a lead instrument playing melodies. Doc WatsonDoc Watson

Medicine Shows  Medicine shows brought the minstrel music to the rural communities.  A “doctor” made and sold “medicine” to people who came to the shows  Many early performers like Uncle Dave Macon and Roy Acuff got their start in medicine shows. Medicine Shows Medicine Shows Uncle Dave MaconUncle Dave Macon

Vaudeville  In the late 1880’s, vaudeville took over where the minstrel shows left off.  Many of the early country performers worked in vaudeville and then toured the Southern Mountains bringing “popular” songs into the backwoods. Vaudeville Animal Acts Slapstick Comedy Vaudeville Animal ActsSlapstick Comedy

Radio  Radio brought outside influences into the mountains and took mountain music out to the rest of the country  The Grand Old Opry and many other live ‘barn dances’ were popular ‘hillbilly’ shows  were boom years for old time music.  “Border Radio” in Texas had its broadcast tower in Mexico not controlled by US rule to limit broadcast signals  “Border Radio” made stars out of the Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers because they could be heard from coast to coast and north into Canada

Records  The recording industry began in 1888, but ignored rural folk music.  In 1922, a RCA talent scout traveled to Atlanta to record Fiddlin’ John Carson.  “Little Old Log Cabin” quickly sold over 10,000 copies even though the promoter thought it was “pluperfect awful”. Fiddlin' John CarsonFiddlin' John Carson  The recording companies realized there was a market in rural mountain music.

Records  Talent scouts set up recording studios in cities throughout the South to record local musicians.  From 1922 to 1930, thousands of songs were recorded.  The first million seller was “Wreck of the Old 97” recorded in 1927 by Vernon Dalhart, a song about an actual train wreck that happened in Danville, Virginia.

Records  When the Great Depression hit in 1929, record sales sank.  When sales picked back up, music had changed.  Guitars and Hawaiian guitars were the rage.  The fiddle and banjo began to be dropped from commercial music.  Country music had become more “star” oriented with the success of Jimmie Rodgers. Jimmie RodgersJimmie Rodgers

Sources  David Holt-The Roots of Mountain Musichttp://  Joe Wilson – A Guide to The Crooked Road: Virginia’s Heritage Music Trail