Tall Buildings Presented to Minnesota Futurists Technology Special Interest Group Hank Lederer and David Keenan 17 November 2007

Pyramids - Giza Completed ~ 2570 BC 481 ft (147 m) orig Worlds Tallest for 3,800 years Tomb of Pharaoh

Leaning Tower – Pisa, Italy Completed 1350 177 years in construction started in 1173 183 ft (56 m) slants 5.5 degrees

Two Towers – Bologna, Italy Two Towers, both leaning, are the symbol of the city Asinelli Tower – 319 ft (97 m) Garisenda Tower originally ~ 197 ft (60 m) today - 157 ft(48 m) Bologna may have had up to 180 towers btw 12th and 13th century

Eiffel Tower - Paris Completed 1889 1063 ft (324m) Worlds Tallest Structure, surpassing Washington Monument, until 1930, Chrysler Bldg

40 Wall St. vs. Chrysler < 40 Wall St. Completed 1930 927 ft (283 m) spire 70 floors world's tallest building from April 1930 to May 27, 1930 Chrysler Building > 925 ft (282 m) roof 1047 ft (319 m) spire 77 floors world's tallest building from 27 May 1930 to 1931 (surpassed by Empire State) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_Wall_Street http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_building

Empire State Building – New York Completed 1931 1,250 ft (381 m) roof 1,472 ft (449 m) spire 102 floors Worlds Tallest Building for 41 years Surpassed by WTC 1 in 1972 Mythbusters tested the urban myth "If you drop a penny off the top of the Empire State Building will it kill someone or crater the sidewalk?" By the time the penny hit the ground it is going roughly 65 mph, which is NOT fast enough to inflict lethal injury or put a crater into the sidewalk.

Local Favorites

IDS and Foshay - Minneapolis IDS completed 1974 > 792 ft (214 m) roof 910 ft (277 m) spires 57 floors surpassed Foshay in ‘72 Foshay completed 1929 > 447 ft (136 m) roof 607 ft (185 m) spire 32floors MN tallest 1929-1972 “First Skyscraper West of the Mississippi”

Current Placeholders

Worlds Tallest Buildings

Sears Tower - Chicago Completed 1973 1,450 ft (442 m) roof 1,730 ft (527 m) spires Taller than World Trade Center 110 floors (like WTC) 104 elevators (16 dbldeck)

Petronas Towers – Kuala Lumpur Completed 88 floors - world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004 1999 movie Entrapment - Catherine Zeta-Jones, Sean Connery http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/skyscraper_concrete_foundations.html

Taipei 101- China Completed 2004 Tallest til 21Jul07 1,670 ft ( 509 m) 101 floors 61 (including 2 doubledecker) elevators Fastest elevator ascend 38mph $1.76 B cost Tuned mass damper vs. sway

CN Tower - Canada Completed 1976 Toronto, Ontario Broadcast Tower 1815 ft (553 m) "the world's tallest free-standing tower"

Unusual Buildings

Swiss Re, 30 St. Mary Axe - London Completed 2004 590 ft the ‘gherkin’

Turning Torso – Mälmo, Sweden Completed

Twin Towers - Kuwait Completed Water towers with Observation and Restaurant decks

Park Towers - Dubai Both towers are 30 floors, and offer approximately 432 exquisitely designed one, two and three bedroom apartments. The design of   the towers was inspired by the evolution of Dubai, and the undulating soft forms of the desert. Designed by Gensler, the award-winning architects for the new London Stock Exchange  headquarters. The intelligent design of the towers ensures that every apartment has a wide balcony offering you the freedom to relax and enjoy the stunning views of the financial district, with its parks, cafés and entertainment facilities.   http://www.homesgofast.com/dubai/property_Park_Towers_Damac.php

‘Sporefloater’ - Singapore Under construction This “suspended” tower is going to be built in Singapore. The basic idea is to reduce the amount of space used at the ground level! 502 ft(153 m) 36 floors http://smriti.com/blogs/2007/03

Burj al arab - Dubai Completed 1999 689 ft (210 m) roof 1,053 ft (321 m) spire 60 floors Sky tennis anyone?

EDiTT Tower - Singapore Under construction Ecological Design in The Tropics Very Green 26 floors

Phare Tower - Paris Proposed Green design 984 ft (300 m) tall Artist rendition shows the future skyscraper 'Phare', or Lighthouse, due to be completed in 2012 in Paris

Dancing Towers - Dubai Proposed For completion 2009 65 floors Zaha Hadid’s design for the Dancing Towers confirms the role of Business Bay Development at the very forefront of Dubai’s rapidly changing future. The three towers rise above the creek and project themselves as an icon for the surrounding developments and for the gulf region. Designer: Zaha Hadid http://www.yankodesign.com/index.php/2007/04/19/dancing-towers-by-zaha-hadid/

Burj al-Taq Tower in Dubai Proposed? Energy Tower Cylindrical shape is designed to expose as little surface area to the sun as possible. A protective solar shield reaches from the ground to the roof, covering 60 deg of the giant circular building. So green. Form of a twisted highball glass topped by a twirling cocktail stick of a wind turbine. http://www.metaefficient.com/archives/architecture-and-building/rating_the_green_hypereliteness_of_ecotowers.html

Dubai Towers - Dubai Proposed ? 788 to 1,312 ft (240 to 400 m) Ranging between 57–94 floors estimated completion is mid 2010 The Lagoons’ is a mixed-use freehold development being built along the Dubai Creek coastline. The US$ 18 bil project will cover an area of 70 million square feet over 40 km of waterfront land.

Siam Tribute - Thailand

Under Construction

Shanghai World Financial Center Nearing completion Topped out 14Sep07 Latest shot 03Nov07 >> 1,614 ft (492 m) roof 101 floors 31 elevators

Freedom Tower – New York Under construction For completion 9/11/10 World Trade Center site 1776 ft 108 floors

Moscow City Tower - Moscow Under construction since 18 Sept, 2007 2,007 ft (612m ) 118 floors 101 elevators $1.5-$1.7B taller than any other building in Europe planned for 2012 part of $12B Moscow International Business Center project (10 buildings)

Towers - Chicago

Chicago Spire Under construction Formerly Fordham Spire started 25 July, 2007 planned for 2011 2,000 ft (610m) roof 150 floors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Spire

Tall Buildings New design

Burj - Dubai Under construction since 2004 For completion 2008 ~ 2,111 ft (643 m) roof ~ 2,684 ft (818 m) spire 164 floors 12Sept07 surpassed CN Tower and still climbing

Burj - Dubai Under construction

Proposed

Supertowers - Dubai

Al Burj - Comparison Al Burj Burj Dubai Taipei Empire Eiffel St. Mary 101 State Tower Axe 3900 ft+ 2600 ft+ 1671 ft 1454 ft 984 ft 590 ft

Al burj - Dubai Proposed 2,789 ft (850 m) roof 3,445 ft (1,050 m) spire 228 floors

Burj Mubarak al-Kabir - Kuwait Proposed 2,953 ft (900 m) roof 3,284 ft (1,001 m) spire 254 floors (est) 2008 proposed start, 2012 end Could require triple deck elevators Housing for 700,000 Madinat al-Hareer (City of Silk Project)

Sky City – Tokyo, Japan Proposed 1000 m (3,281 ft) Triple decker elevators – cap. 70 14 sky plateaus 35,000 residents and 100,000 workers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_City_1000

Bionic Tower Proposed Shanghai or Hong Kong 3,701 ft (1,128 m) 300 floors 100,000 residents 368 elevators ~ $15B+ cost http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_tower

Far Future

Shimzu Mega City Try-4000 Proposed over Tokyo Bay in Japan House 750,000 people If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth. 2,004 m (6,575 ft) high (12 x higher than the Great Pyramid at Giza) Cannot be built with currently available materials, due to their weight. Relies on the future availability of super-strong lightweight materials based on carbon nanotubes.

X-seed 4000, Japan Proposed Inspired by Mt. Fuji, but would be taller 13,123 ft (4,000 m) 800 floors 0.5 – 1 million residents $100s billion

Abandoned

Mile High Tower Frank Lloyd Wright Proposed but not adopted The Illinois 5,280 ft (1,609 m) 528 stories 76 elevators Sway would be addressed by tripod design (like CN tower) and possibly a counterweight (like Taipei 101) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illinois

Panama City < Ice Tower Started March 2007, cancelled June 2007 Third super tall skyscraper to be cancelled in Panama City 1,250 ft (381 m) 104 floors Palacio de la Bahía (Bay Palace) > 1,158 ft (353 m) 93 floors started 28 July, 2006, cancelled by developer as unbuildable Torre Generali >> 1,044 ft (318 m) 52 floors views of Atlantic and Pacific from top floors cancelled in 2001 due to economic conditions

Tower of Babel abandoned by Pieter Bruegel