Diversity of Life: Chapter 3 Lesson 2 Classifying Plants
Classifying Plants Non Vascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants Seed Plants
Non Vascular Plants Lack vascular tissue (tubelike structures that carry food, water and nutrients) for transporting materials. Characteristics: Low-growing- b/c not tissue to support or transport materials Thin cell wall- so can’t grow more than a few cm tall No root- has rhizoids- anchors plant & absorbs water & nutrients
Non Vascular Plants: Examples Mosses More than 10,000 species Rhizoids anchor the moss and absorb water & nutrients Grows a long, slender stalk with a capsule at the end Capsule (cell capable of surviving unfavorable conditions & then growing into a new organism) contains spores for reproduction
Non Vascular Plants: Examples Liverworts Hornworts Human liver shape More than 8,000 species Found growing as thick crust on moist rocks or soil along sides of stream Horn-like, curved structures Fewer than 100 species Usually live in moist soil or mixed in with grass plants
Seedless Vascular Plants Have Vascular Tissue (Tall) Can grow tall b/c they can effectively transport materials throughout the plant Strengthens the plants’ body and gives stability/ also has strong cell walls Reproduce by releasing spores
Seedless Vascular Plants Two types of vascular tissue Phloem: vascular tissue through which food moves within some plants Xylem: vascular tissue though which water and minerals move within some plants
Examples of Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns- more than 12, 000 species alive today Range in size – tiny up to 5 meters tall Thrives in shaded areas & moist soil Some green all year round & some turn brown in fall then regrow in spring Structure- stems, roots, leaves Stems- most grow underground leaves- upward from top of stem Roots- downward from bottom of stem Frond- ferns’ leaves- coated with a cuticle (waxy coating) that helps plant retain moisture
Examples of Seedless Vascular Plants Club Mosses & Horsetails Have true stems, roots, leaves Few species alive today Club Mosses Not true moss b/c have vascular tissue Found in moist woodlands & near streams Horsetails Only 30 species alive today In Colonial times Americans used to scrub pots & pans
Seed Plants Seed plants 2 Important characteristics Outnumber seedless plants 10 to 1 We eat them, wear clothes made from them, homes built out of them, they produce oxygen 2 Important characteristics Have vascular tissue Have pollen & seeds to reproduce Other characteristics Roots, stems, leaves Most live on land: challenges- standing upright & supplying all cells with food & water (job of vascular tissue) Giant Sequoia
Seed Plants: Pollen & Seeds Can live in a variety of environments (unlike seedless plants) Need water for fertilization to occur Produce pollen- tiny structures that contain the cells that will later become sperm cells Pollen- delivers sperm cells to egg cells Sperm cell Fertilizes egg cell SEED develops Seed- structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms Gymnosperm- a seed plant that produces “naked” seeds (not enclosed by a protective fruit) Many have needlelike or scale like leaves Deep growing root systems Oldest type of seed plant
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms 4 Types Cyads: in tropical/subtropical ex-palm trees Conifers: “cone bearing” ex- evergreens Ginkgoes: Ginkgo biloba (last species alive, Chinese & Japanese cared for it in gardens) Gnetophytes: hot desert/tropical regions, some trees, shrubs and vines
Seed Plants: Angiosperms Flowering Plants Produce flowers Produce seeds enclosed in fruits Live almost everywhere on Earth (jungles, arctic, deserts, ocean’s edge, ect…) 2 types: monocotyledon and dicotyledon
Seed Plants: Angiosperms MONOCOT DICOT SEED 1 seed leaf 2 seed leaves LEAF Parallel veins Branched veins FLOWER Floral parts in multiples of 3 Floral parts in 4 or 5 STEM Vascular tissue scattered in stems Vascular tissue patterned in a ring around center ROOT Many roots spread out 1 main root- tap root
Seed Plants: Angiosperms Monocot Examples Dicot Examples