Perspective of Tall Building

 Perspective of Tall Building  Historical Background of Tall Building  History of Tall Building  World’s tallest Buildings  Future Tall Buildings  Structural System for Tall Building  High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementatious Composites (HPFRCCs)

1. Historical Background of Tall Building (c) Barbel Tower (d) Pyramid  Definition  Structure with aspect ratio more than 5 Domestic; Middle-rise (< 40story) High-rise (  40story)  Ancient Tall Structures  Example; Barbel tower, Pyramid  Material; brick, stone Ziggurat Year: BC 1,800 Height: 90m Material: Brick Equivalent to a modern 7-story office building “Come, let us build ourselves a city, with tower that reaches to the heavens.” Highest stone structure Year: BC 3,100 Country: Egypt Height: 146.7m Material; Stone, timber Huge masonry blocks Equivalent to a modern 40-story office building (a) Definition (b) Ancient tall structures B (  H/B  5) Protective for nature SymbolicReligious

2. History of Tall Building (a) Home Life Insurance Building (b) Great Northern Hotel (c) Monadnock (d) Reliance Building (e) Carson Dept. Store 10-story, 55m  (Chicago)  Chicago school with the ideas of modernization.  Less than 20-story  Decorative effects.  1885; William LeBaron Jenny (the creator of the modern skyscraper) Structural steel 17-story, 64m 15-story, 61m 16story, 57m 12-story, 58m (1885) (1891) (1894) (1896)

 (New York)  Industrial development & high density of population after World War I ( )  Sudden increase (without considering natural environment)  About 50 to 100-story  Curtain wall, Elevator (a) Metropolitan Insurance Tower (b) Woolworth Building (c) Chrysler Building (d) Empire State Building (e) RCA Center 77-story, 300m 2. History of Tall Building 50-story, 206m 60-story, 242m 102-story, 381m 70-story, 259m (1909) (1913) (1930) (1931)(1933)

  Financial market collapse during the economic depression ( )  World War II ( )  About 20 to 40-story  Prismatic (in rectangular shape)  Facing; aluminum curtain wall glass (a) Broadway Building (b) Secretariat Tower (c) Lever House (d) Avenue Building (e) Seagram Building 2. History of Tall Building 22-story, 92m 40-story, 160m 39-story, 166m 38-story, 137m 42-story, 156m (1952) (1958)

 (USA)  Development of advanced materials, construction techniques & new structural system (tubular & braced system)  Ultra tall building (over 100-story)  Multipurpose (a) John Hancock Center (b) Transamerica Pyramid (c) World Trade Center (d) Amoco Building (e) Sears Tower (f) Citicorp Center 100-story, 344m 2. History of Tall Building 80-story, 346m 110-story, 417m 110-story, 443m 48-story, 260m 59-story, 279m (1969) (1972) (1973) (1974) (1977)

 1980-Present (World)  Diverse shapes of ultra tall buildings  Exact structural analysis, further development of construction techniques & advanced composite materials (a) Bank of China (b) Landmark Tower (c) Jin Mao Building (d) Petronas Tower (e) Burj al arab (f) Finance Center (g) TFC story, 452m 2. History of Tall Building 101-story, 508m 60-story, 321m 70-story, 296m 88-story, 421m 70-story, 369m 88-story, 420m (1989) (1993)(1998) (1999) (2003)(2004)

2. History of Tall Building  (Seoul)  Frame-shear wall system, tube-core system   Frame-shear wall + tube system, wall system with tunnel form  1980-Present  Intelligent building, seismic design (a) Commercial Bank (b) Lotte Hotel (c) Life Insurance (d) LG Twin Tower (e) 63Building (f) Hyperion 21(g) Tower Palace 33-story, 102m 25-story, 81m 37-story, 106m 12-story, 54m 69-story, 267m 63-story, 249m 69-story, 256m (1965) (1978) (1984) (1986) (1985) (2003) (2004)

(a) Low-rise or medium apartment buildings (b) High-rise residential complex New paradigm for residence Year Number of Buildings (more than 31 stories).  Recent Trends 2. History of Tall Building Tower Palace Sejong Apart Hyperion 21 Yukyung Hotel 69-story, 267m (2004) 69-story, 256m (2003) 105-story, 300m (2008)

3. World’s Tallest Buildings  Current State of 20 th Tallest Buildings RankingBuilding NameCityCountryHeight (m)No. of StoryYearPurpose 1Taipei 101TaipeiTaiwan Multiple 2Petronas Tower 1, 2Kuala LumpurMalaysia Multiple 3Sears TowerChicagoUSA Office 4Jin Mao Bldg.ShanghaiChina Multiple Two International Finance Center Hong KongChina Office 5One World Trade CenterNew YorkUSA Office 6Two World Trade CenterNew YorkUSA Office Fairwell International CenterXiamenChina Office Taipei Financial CenterTaipeiTaiwan Office 7CITIC PlazaGuangzhouChina Multiple 8Shun Hing SquareShenzhenChina Office 9Empire State BuildingNew YorkUSA Office 10Central PlazaHong KongChina Office 11Bank of ChinaHong KongChina Office Posts and Communications Bldg. XiamenChina Multiple 12Emirates Towers OneDubaiUAE Office 13The CenterHong KongChina Office 14Tuntex & Chein-Tai TowerKaohsiungTaiwan Multiple 15Aon CenterChicagoUSA Office 16John Hancock CenterChicagoUSA Office/ Residential 17Burj al Arab HotelDubaiUAE Hotel 18Baiyoke Tower IIBangkokThailand Multiple 19Chrysler Bldg.New YorkUSA Office 20Bank of America PlazaAtlantaUSA Office

4. Future Tall Buildings

(a) X-Seed4000 (b) Bionic Tower (c) Sky City1000 (d) Millennium Tower (e) DIB200 (f) Co-Existence (g) Russia Tower 4. Future Tall Buildings 800-story, 4000m 300-story, 1128m 196-story, 1000m 180-story, 840m 200-story, 800m 155-story, 658m 126-story, 640m  World  New types of vertical cities offering intensive functions and harmony with the natural environment (prevent the expansion of city & provide better life for many people)

(a) Landmark Tower (b) Songdo Landmark Tower (c) Seoul Lotte World I (d) Busan Lotte World II (c) World Business Center 4. Future Tall Buildings 150-story, 620m 151-story, 610m 112-story, 555m 107-story, 510m 110-story, 500m  Korea  medium or big-sized vertical cities including housing, commerce, education, & recreation (a fusion of architecture, transportation, communication, & energy)

4. Future Tall Buildings  Design Plan

4. World’s Tallest Buildings TFC 101 Songdo Landmark Tower Seoul Lotte World Burj DUBAI

RankingProjectCityCountryHeight (m)No. of StoryPurpose 1X-Seed 4000TokyoJapan Multiple 2Hexahedron CityScottsdaleUSA Try 2004TokyoJapan Multiple 4Aeropolis 2001TokyoJapan Multiple 5Houston PinnacleHoustonUSA Illinois Mile High TowerChicagoUSA Multiple 7Pyramid-In-PyramidSingapore MotherTokyoJapan Multiple 9Bionic TowerHong KongChina Residential 10Sky City 1000TokyoJapan Multiple Europa TowerBrusselsBelgium M-TowerShanghaiChina900 12Kinetic TowerChicagoUSA890 Multiple 13Seiren 21KonoikeJapan880180Multiple 14Erewhon CenterChicagoUSA Millennium TowerTokyoJapan840180Multiple 16Dynamic Intelligent Bldg.TokyoJapan800200Multiple AquariusTokyoJapan Chicago World Trade CenterChicagoUSA701181Multiple 18T-GrowthTaiseiJapan700170Multiple 19Cintas TowerNew YorkUSA World Center for Vedic LearningJabalpurIndia677224Multiple 21Chicago World Trade CenterChicagoUSA Project 112 CoexistenceNew YorkUSA Russia TowerMoscowRussia Atlanta TowerAtlantaUSA614130Multiple 25Step-Over TowerTokyoJapan610160Multiple 4. Future Tall Buildings  Future Ultra Tall Buildings

5. Structural System for Tall Building

(c) World Trade Center (USA) (d) Petronas Tower (Malaysia) (e) Sears Tower (USA) Characteristics a. A structural system that prompts the building to behave as an hollow tube b. Many closely spaced columns–in some ways analogous to a load bearing wall. c. Tubular systems are so efficient that in most cases the amount of structural material used is comparable to that used in conventionally framed buildings half the size.  Tubular System Design: SOM Year: 1974 Location: Chicago Story: 110 Height: 442m Area: 409,200m 2 Structural system: Bundle tube system Design: SOM Year: 1972 Location: New York (Collapsed) Story: 110 Height: 415m Area: 409,200m 2 Structural system: Sing tube system (a) Single Tube (b) Bundled Tube 5. Structural System for Tall Building Design: Cesar Pelli Year: 1996 City: Kuala Lumpur Story: 88 Height: 452m Area: 131,456m 2 Structural system: Tube-outrigger system

(c) Bank of China (China) (d) Tower Palace (Korea) (e) Burj Dubai (United Arab Emirates) Design: I.M Pei Year: 1989 City: Hong Kong Story: 70 Height: 369m Area: 130,000m 2 Structural system: Braced system (a) Steel link beam in the braced system (b) Out-rigger Belt Truss system Design: SOM Year: 2004 City: Seoul Story: 69 Height: 267m Area: 100,497m 2 Structural system: Out-rigger belt truss system  Braced & Out-Rigger Belt Truss System 5. Structural System for Tall Building Characteristics a. This has become recognized as an efficient lateral load resisting system. b. The braces of this system play an important role in ultra steel tall building because couplings action reduce the bending moment and deflection efficiently. Design: SOM Year: Completed in 2009 Location: Dubai Story: 165 Height: 808m (expected) Area: 495,000m 2 Structural system: Out-rigger system Outrigger & Belt Truss Core wall Steel Frame Outrigger & Belt Truss Core wall Steel Frame Foundation

 Braced & Out-Rigger Belt Truss System 5. Structural System for Tall Building (f) Marina bay sands

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6. HPFRCCs

5. Structural System for Tall Building