Exterior view, The Dan Flavin Art Institute, Bridgehampton, New York. Photo: Florian Holzherr. Courtesy Dia Art Foundation. [Fig. 6-1]

Dan Flavin. Untitled (in honor of Harold Joachim) 3" Pink, yellow, blue, and green fluorescent light. 8 ft. square across a corner. © 2012 Stephen Flavin/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Photo: Billy Jim. Courtesy Dia Art Foundation. Collection Dia Art Foundation. [Fig. 6-2]

Leonardo da Vinci. Madonna of the Rocks. c. 1495–1508. Oil on panel. 75 × 47 in. © National Gallery, London / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 6-3]

J. M. W. Turner. Rain, Steam, and Speed—The Great Western Railway Oil on canvas. 33-3/4 × 48 in. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 6-4]

Paul Colin. Figure of a Woman. c Black and white crayon on light beige paper. 24 × 18-1/2 in. © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. Lent by Frederick and Lucy S. Herman Foundation to the University of Virginia Art Museum. [Fig. 6-5]

A sphere represented by means of modeling. Line art. [Fig. 6-6]

Artemisia Gentileschi. Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes. c Oil on canvas. 72-1/2 × 55-3/4 in. Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / Gift of Mr Leslie H. Green / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 6-7]

Mary Cassatt. The Coiffure. c Graphite with traces of green and brown watercolor. approximately 5-7/8 × 4-3/8 in. Rosenwald Collection. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 6-8]

Michelangelo. Head of a Satyr. c. 1620–30. Pen and ink over chalk. 10-5/8 × 7-7/8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 6-9]

Shirin Neshat. Fervor Gelatin silver print. 66 × 47 in. Courtesy of the artist and Gladstone Gallery, New York and Brussels. [Fig. 6-10]

Mary Cassatt. Study for the painting In the Loge Pencil. 4 × 6 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of Dr. Hans Schaeffer Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig. 6-11]

Mary Cassatt. In the Loge (At the Francais, a Sketch) Oil on canvas. 32 × 26 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Hayden Collection - Charles Henry Hayden Fund, Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig. 6-12]

Hiroshi Sugimoto. Studio Drive-in, Culver City Silver gelatin photograph. dimensions variable by edition. © Hiroshi Sugimoto, courtesy The Pace Gallery. [Fig. 6-13]

Hiroshi Sugimoto. Seascape: Baltic Sea, near Rügen Silver gelatin photograph. dimensions variable by edition. © Hiroshi Sugimoto, courtesy The Pace Gallery. [Fig. 6-14]

The gray scale. Line art. [Fig. 6-15]

Blue in a range of values. Line art. [Fig. 6-16]

Pat Steir. Pink Chrysanthemum Oil on canvas. 3 panels, 60 × 60 inches each. Courtesy of the artist and Cheim & Read, New York. [Fig. 6-17]

Pat Steir. Night Chrysanthemum Oil on canvas. 4 panels, 60 × 60 inches each. Courtesy of the artist and Cheim & Read, New York. [Fig. 6-18]

Nikolai Buglaj. "Race"ing Sideways Graphite and ink. 3 in. high × 40 in. wide. Courtesy of the artist. [Fig. 6-19]

Ben Jones. Black Face and Arm Unit Acrylic on plaster and paint. life-size plaster casts. Courtesy of the artist. [Fig. 6-20]

Okun Akpan Abuje. Nigerian funerary shrine cloth. commissioned in the late 1970s. Cotton, dye /4 × 60-1/4 in. National Museum of African Art/Smithsonian Institution Museum Purchase Photo: Frank Khoury. [Fig. 6-21]

Cai Guo-Qiang. Transient Rainbow ,000 3-inch multicolor peonies fitted with computer chips. 300 × 600 feet, duration 15 seconds. Commissioned by Museum of Modern Art, New York. Photo: Hiro Ihara. Courtesy of the Artist. Cai Studio. [Fig. 6-22]

Colors separated by a prism. Line art. [Fig. 6-23]

Conventional color wheel. Line art. [Fig. 6-24]

Color mixtures of reflected pigment— subtractive process. Line art. [Fig. 6-25]

Color mixtures of refracted light—additive process. Line art. [Fig. 6-26]

Michelangelo. The Creation of Adam (unrestored), ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Fresco. The Vatican, Rome. 280 × 570 cm. AKG-Images. [Fig. 6-27]

Michelangelo. The Creation of Adam (restored), ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Fresco. The Vatican, Rome. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 6-28]

Jane Hammond. Fallen. 2004–2011. Archival digital inkjet prints on archival paper with acrylic, gouache, matte medium, Jade glue, fiberglass strands, and Sumi ink on a pedestal of high-density foam, cotton, muslin, cotton thread, foam core, and handmade cotton rag paper. 11 × 154 × 89 in. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York Photo: Peter Muscato. © Jane Hammond, Courtesy Galerie Lelong, New York. [Fig. 6-29]

Romare Bearden. She-ba Collage on paper cloth and synthetic polymer paint on composition board. 48 × 35-7/8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford. The Ella Gallup Sumner and Mary Catlin Sumner Collection Fund. Art © Romare Bearden Foundation/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 6-30]

Cara Grande. c Feather mask, Tapirapé, Rio Tapirapé, Brazil. height 31 in. Courtesy, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, S Photo by Carmelo Guadagno, 23/3299. [Fig. 6-31]

Gerhard Richter. 256 Farben (256 Colors). 1974–84. Enamel on canvas. 7 ft. 3 in. × 14 ft. 5 in. Castello di Rivoli Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Turin, Italy. Long-term loan-private collection. © Gerhard Richter. [Fig. 6-32]

Georges Seurat. Le Chahut (The Can-Can). 1889–90. Oil on canvas. 66-1/8 × 55-1/2 in. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 6-33]

Georges Seurat. Le Chahut (The Can-Can), detail. 1889–91. Oil on canvas. 66-1/8 × 55-1/2 in. Collection Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands. [Fig. 6-34]

Chuck Close. Stanley (large version), detail. 1980–81. Oil on canvas. 108 × 84 in. ©The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York. Purchased with funds contributed by Mr. and Mrs. Barrie M. Damson, Photograph by David Heald. (FN 2839). Courtesy The Pace Gallery. [Fig. 6-35]

Chuck Close. Stanley (large version). 1980–82. Oil on canvas. 109 × 84 in. ©The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York. Purchased with funds contributed by Mr. and Mrs. Barrie M. Damson, Photograph by David Heald. (FN 2839). Courtesy The Pace Gallery. [Fig. 6-36]

Robert Delaunay. Premier Disque Oil on canvas. 53 in. diameter. © Christie's Images Ltd - ARTOTHEK © VG Bild-Kunst Bonn © L & M Services B.V. Amsterdam. [Fig. 6-37]

Sonia Delaunay. Prismes Electriques Oil on canvas. 98-3/8 × 98-3/8 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. © L & M Services B.V. Amsterdam. [Fig. 6-38]

Charles Searles. Filàs for Sale (from the Nigerian Impressions series) Acrylic on canvas. 72 × 50 in. Lent by the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists, Boston. [Fig. 6-39]

Brice Marden. The Dylan Painting. 1966/1986. Oil and beeswax on canvas. 60-3/8 × 120-1/2 in. © 2012 Brice Marden / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Helen Crocker Russell Fund purchase and gift of Mrs. Helen Portugal. [Fig. 6-40]

Claude Monet. Grainstack (Sunset) Oil on canvas. 28-7/8 × 36-1/2 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Juliana Cheney Edwards Collection Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig. 6-41]

Pierre Bonnard. The Terrace at Vernon. c. 1920–39. Oil on canvas /16 × 76-1/2 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. Frank Jay Gould, 1968 (68.1). [Fig. 6-42]

Vincent van Gogh. The Night Café Oil on canvas. 28-1/2 × 36-1/4 in Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. Yale University Art Gallery/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 6-43]

Wassily Kandinsky. Black Lines (Schwarze Linien). 12/1/1913. Oil on canvas. 51 × 51-5/8 in. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Gift, Solomon R. Guggenheim, Photograph by David Heald, ©The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York. © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. [Fig. 6-44]

Don Gray. Nine Stones Oil on panels. nine panels, 23 × 23 in. each. ©2009, Don Gray. [Fig. 6-45]

Don Gray. detail from Nine Stones, Stone # Oil on panel. 23 × 23 in. ©2009, Don Gray. [Fig. 6-46]