Constitutional Struggles of the Seventeenth Century Absolute Monarchy & Limited Monarchy History 103 The West and the World

FOCUS QUESTIONS What was absolutism in theory, and how did its actual practice in France reflect or differ from the theory? What were the main issues in the struggle between kind and Parliament in seventeenth-century England, and how were they resolved? What theories of government were proposed by Jacques Bossuet, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke, and how did their respective theories reflect concerns and problems of the seventeenth century?

French Wars of Religion,1562-1598 Catholic vs Huguenot Major Families – Valois, Guise, Bourbon Henry II (1547-1559) Valois Dynasty Francis II (1559-1560) Charles IX (1560-1574) Henry III (1574-1589) Henry IV (1589-1610) Bourbon Dynasty Edict of Nantes, 1598

Catherine de' Medici 1519-1589 Power Behind the Throne During The French Wars of Religion

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, August 23, 1572 Religious Violence The Importance of the State in Catholic Revival

Henry IV of France 1589-1610 As Duc of Navarre he was the Leader of the Huguenots. Established the Bourbon Dynasty in France

Philip II 1556-1598 King of Spain and Ruler of the Netherlands and the Spanish Colonial Empire

United Provinces, Spanish Netherlands

William of Orange Leads Rebellion in 1568 Duke of Alba Enters Netherlands in 1567

The Spanish Armanda, 1588

The Thirty Years’ War

Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648 Four Major Phases: Bohemian Phase – 1618-1625 Danish Phase – 1625-1629 Swedish Phase – 1630-1635 French Phase – 1636-1648

Ferdinand II 1583-1637 Holy Roman Emperor 1619-1637 Trained by Jesuits and Strong Counter Reformation Advocate

Defenestration at Prague, 1618

Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1596-1632 “The Winter King”

The Thirty Years’ War

Christian IV of Denmark Danish Phase 1625-1629 Lutheran King Supports Protestant Cause Defeated in Battle of Lutter am Barenberge, 1626 Christian IV of Denmark 1577-1648

Defeats Tilly at Breitenfeld 1630 Destruction of Magdeburg 1631 Swedish Phase, 1630-1635 Defeats Tilly at Breitenfeld 1630 Destruction of Magdeburg 1631 Victory at Lutzen 1632 Killed in Battle at Lutzen Gustavus II Adolphus 1594-1632

The Bourbon Dynasty Louis XIII Marie de Medici by Bourbon King of France 1601-1643 r. 1610-1643 Marie de Medici by Peter Paul Rubens 1573-1642

French Phase, 1636-1648 Cardinal Richelieu 1585-1642 First Minister for Louis XIII 1624-1642

Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Peace of Exhaustion Sets the Political Geography of Europe Cujus regio, ejus religio becomes reality Calvinism given Recognition Balance of Power Principle Dutch Independence is Recognized

Louis XIV, the Sun King 1643-1715 Louis XIV in His Minority

Palace at Versailles

France Under Louis XIV

Stuart Monarchy James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) Interregnum (1649-1660) Cromwell Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1689) William (1689-1702) & Mary (1689-1694) Anne (17-2-1715)

The English Civil War

Execution of Charles I, 1649

Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 Social Contract supporting Absolute Monarchy The Leviathan, 1651

A Letter Concerning Toleration 1690 Two Treatises Concerning Government 1689 A Letter Concerning Toleration 1690 John Locke 1632-1704