Chapter 5 Section 3

I can explain how the clash of Central European monarchs led to war. I can describe the impact of the Thirty Years War. I can analyze how the causes of war are the same yesterday, today, and forever.

Peace of Augsburg German princes determined religion of their states Tension Both Lutherans and Catholics felt threatened by Calvinism Protestant Union Lutherans joined together Catholic League Catholics joined together a year later Alliances are formed…waiting on the spark!

Ferdinand II, future HRE and head of the Hapsburg family ruled Bohemia He was Catholic, they were protestant Bohemians did not trust ol’ Ferd He was a foreigner and a Catholic Ferd closed some Protestant Churches The Bohemian Protestants revolted Ferd sent in an army to crush the rebellion Several German Protestant princes took this chance to challenge their Catholic emperor

Conflict over religion, territory, and power among European ruling families Two main phases of the war… Hapsburg Triumphs Hapsburg Defeats

First twelve years Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed the armies of the German Protestant princes Hapsburg put down a Czech uprising and defeated the German Protestants who supported the Czechs

Tide turned in 1630 with Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his army of 23,000 Drove Hapsburgs out of northern Germany The French Cardinals, Richelieu and Mazarin, joined the Protestants WHY?

Great damage to Germany Population dropped from 20 million to 16 million Trade and agriculture were disrupted Economy was ruined Long, difficult recovery Germany would not be a unified state until the 1800s

Weakened the Hapsburg states (Spain&Austria) Strengthened France (gave German territory) German princes independent of HRE Ended religious wars New method of peace negotiation that we still use today

Catholic Empire would no longer rule over most of Europe Europe was a group of equal, independent states Marked the beginning of the modern state system

Serfs in Western Europe slowly won freedom and moved to towns during the late Middle Ages Serfs in Central Europe restricted from gaining freedom and moving to cities This way the nobles could produce a large harvest and sell the surplus to Western Europe at a great profit

Nobles held down the serfs, but also blocked the development of strong kings Kingdom of Poland Little income, no law courts, no standing army Holy Roman Empire Weakened by the 30 Years’ War, no control of German states, HRE had no real power Ottoman Empire Reached its peak in 1529 and declined

Hapsburgs took steps to become absolute monarchs 1 st Conquered Bohemia and wiped out Protestantism, new Czech nobility pledged loyalty to them 2 nd Ruler centralized govt and created standing army 3 rd 1699 they had reclaimed Hungary from Ottomans 1711 Charles VI ruled a diverse group Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, and Germans Wore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns to keep the empire together

Charles VI’s eldest daughter Charles had bargained with other leaders, making an agreement to ensure a peaceful reign Instead, she faced years of war Her main enemy: Prussia (north of Austria)

Ruling Family: Hohenzollerns Their ambition threatened to disrupt the delicate balance of power in Europe Their land: German states of Brandenburg and Prussia

“Great Elector” Decided that having a strong army was the only way to ensure safety 80,000 men to protect their lands Permanent taxation Weakened representative assemblies Junkers resisted, but were then offered military positions

His father believed he was soft (made him witness friend’s death) Followed his father’s military policies Softened some laws Religious toleration Legal reform Believed ruler should be a father to his people

Frederick the Great wanted the Austrian land of Silesia because of its rich natural resources He assumed Maria Theresa wouldn’t fight back She went to the Hungarian nobles for aid Great Britain also joined the Austrians to fight their long time enemy (France), who was helping Prussia Maria Theresa stopped Prussia, but lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle With Silesia, Prussia became a major European power

Maria Theresa made an alliance with France Frederick then signed a treaty with Britain Now Austria, France, Russia, and others were allied against Britain and Prussia 1756 Frederick attacked Saxony (Austrian ally) Every great European power joined the war Fought in Europe, India, and North America (French and Indian War) Didn’t change territories in Europe British won, as France lost its colonies in North America, and British gained economic dominance of India