The Age of…

France In the Age of Absolutism

Henry IV (r ) – Bourbon King of France, –Huguenot converted to Catholicism Edict of Nantes - France’s Tax System (3 Estates) - Parisian Exception - Duke of Sully -

Louis XIII (r ) Cardinal Richelieu – ruled as his chief minister Goal – Huguenot Policies – Indendents - Shift in Power -

The 30 Years War Protestant Uprising in the Holy Roman Empire Richelieu’s view on the war Effects – –Treaty of Westphalia 1648

Fronde Rebellion – suspicious of France’s nobility The building of Versailles Ruled by the Divine Right of Kings Louis XIV (r )

Domestic & Economic Policies No decisions w/out Louis’s approval Jean Baptiste Colbert – financial minister –Colbert’s policies Wars -

Louis XIV’s Wars Strongest, most powerful military in Europe Extend France’s natural borders Balance of power

Russia Today

Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude & Area with the United States

Topography of Russia

Rich Soil of the Steppes Chernozen Soil

Siberia  “Permafrost” Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C  Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C  150,000,000 population.  A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

Themes in Russian History  Expansion by conquest.  Need for warm-water ports.  The necessity of a strong, central government.

Michael Romanov (r ) Romanov Family Crest Romanov Dynasty ( )

The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-West For Progress & Change Encourage New Ideas, Technologies, etc. Anti-West Isolationist Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative  Most Tsars  Russian Orthodox Church  Supported by the Military, Boyars (nobility) & peasants  A few Tsars  Intellectual elites  Merchants/ businessmen  Young members of the middle class. REFORM-MINDED LEADERS DEMAGOGUES

Peter the Great (r )  Main Goal was to Westernize Russia

Foreign Policy  Goal: To end Russia land locked situation  Acquire the Sea of Azov  Land was controlled by the Ottoman Turks  Needed help from Europe & a stronger Russia  Traveled through Europe (secretly)  Attempted to negotiate an alliance – failed  Learned much about the western culture

Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War  Improved Army training & weaponry using western techniques and strategies  War with Sweden  1721 gained land on the Gulf of Finland

Westernization  Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg  Social Development  Women  Beards  Encouraged manufacturing and foreign trade  Modernized the army & reformed the government.

The Nobility Under Peter the Great  Nobility & Orthodox Church came under Peter’s control.  Highly centralized government  “Service Nobility” –  Absolute power & the Church

Catherine the Great ( )  Came to power after the murder of Peter III (her husband)

Catherine the Great ( )  As an Enlightened Ruler:  Supported the arts, sciences, literature & theater  Encouraged foreign investment in underdeveloped areas  Est. the Free Economic Society  Wanted to end serfdom but instead expanded it (1773)  Relaxed censorship & encouraged education for the nobility & middle class

Catherine the Great ( )  On Foreign Policy & Expansion:  Expanded Russian land by 200,000 sq miles  Led 2 successful wars against the Ottoman Empire, annexing Crimea  3 Polish Land grabs  1767 – New Constitution

Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism

Map of Europe 1648

Austrian Hapsburgs Lost territory after the 30 years war Pragmatic Sanction –1740 Charles VI dies & leaves Marie Theresa in control Non-unified Empire includes… –Conflicts?

Brandenburg-Prussia “Austria’s Biggest Little Rivals” Hohenzollern family seized power during Reformation. Frederick William “The Elector” (r ) –Rebuilt H.R.E. –Unified his army –Improvements

Prussian Successors Frederick William I (r ) Economic conservative Replaced mandatory military service with a tax, Doubled the army ( most efficient etc.) Encouraged trade & industry Primary school Frederick I (r ) King of Prussia, consolidation & imitated Louis XIV

Frederick the Great (r ) Goal: to expand Prussian Territory (Silesia) –War of Austria Succession –Diplomatic Revolution (reversal of alliances) Prussian Successors

Seven Years War (aka The French & Indian War) Alliances created war 1757 Prussia defeated Austria 1759 Prussia defeated by combined forces Political breakdown Effects of war