IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa BEYOND ENFORCEMENT: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime Illegal Wildlife Trade and local development - what are the links? February 2015, Glenburn Lodge, Muldersdrift, South Africa Caroline Petersen, UNDP

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa SECURITY ENVIRONMENT ….and DEVELOPMENT Illegal wildlife trade is an issue for….

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa Helping countries achieve the simultaneous eradication of poverty and significant reduction of inequalities and exclusion UNDP Strategic Plan Helen Clark UNDP Administrator 2014 “It is now widely recognized that to save iconic wildlife, we need not only stronger institutions and law enforcement, but also a full assault on poverty, the creation of economic opportunity, and the full involvement of communities in decision-making.”

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa Contribution of wildlife-based tourism to national economies Jobs, foreign exchange, concession revenue Estimated 30% of international tourism in $0.42 trillion Multiplier effect of tourism expenditure e.g. African park with operating costs of $2 million p.a. $20 million on tourism expenditure in and around park PLUS $20 million “downstream”

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa Value of community co-management & CBNRM Ownership / management of indigenous and community conserved areas Income from ecotourism, ownership of or benefit sharing from enterprises Livelihood support, extension for sustainable farming, access to markets New governance arrangements that reduce inequality and empower women Changes to land tenure, defining and enhancing access and use rights Improvement of nutritional status Reduced human-wildlife conflict

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa UNDP’s three-pronged approach 1.Expanding economic opportunities and livelihood options 2.Strengthening governance and law enforcement 3.Raising awareness of problem among all stakeholders

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa Co-benefits from sustainable use e.g. trophy hunting Addressing human-wildlife conflict Promoting alternatives to bushmeat Support to ecotourism and “alternative” livelihoods Also involvement of communities in enforcement.. Training of community eco-rangers Community intelligence networks Expanding economic opportunities and livelihood options

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa National and global projects funded by Global Environment Facility UNDP-managed GEF Small Grants Programme Recognition of excellence through Equator Prize Promoting alternatives to unsustainable bushmeat hunting in Cameroon: Community Wildlife Management in the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve Helping countries access finance Reducing human wildlife conflict in Nepal: Western Terai Landscape Project Aaron Kah

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa Some assumptions which may not always be valid.. 1.Neighbouring communities benefit substantially from wildlife tourism 2.“Alternative” livelihood options prevent illegal livelihoods 3.Benefits are equitably shared 4.Subsistence poaching vs syndicates 5.Communities perceive gain from participation in intelligence networks 6.Reducing HWC reduces poaching