Skopje, 21 June, 2005 Pavle Jankovic Assistant Minster of Defence for Defence Policy STATE UNION OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO TOWARDSa NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY TOWARDSa

KEY POINTS 1.The Peculiar Setting of the State Union 2.Strategic Documents & The National Security Strategy 3.Way Ahead 1.The Peculiar Setting of the State Union 2.Strategic Documents & The National Security Strategy 3.Way Ahead

The Peculiar Setting of the State Union 1. Absence of Legal and Structural Prerequisites for the Adoption of a National Defence Strategy

The State Union and the Constitutional Charter: Serbia and Montenegro is not a state in the classical sense, nor a federation or a confederation. It is a State Union based on the equality of two member states – the state of Serbia and the state of Montenegro. The State Union does not have a Constitution, but a Constitutional Charter as its basic legal document. The State Union and the Constitutional Charter: Serbia and Montenegro is not a state in the classical sense, nor a federation or a confederation. It is a State Union based on the equality of two member states – the state of Serbia and the state of Montenegro. The State Union does not have a Constitution, but a Constitutional Charter as its basic legal document. THE PECULIAR SETTING OF THE STATE UNION

ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES The Constitutional Charter of the State Union: In the entire Constitutional Charter of the State Union the word “SECURITY” is mentioned only once: As a part of the name of the OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES The Constitutional Charter of the State Union: In the entire Constitutional Charter of the State Union the word “SECURITY” is mentioned only once: As a part of the name of the OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. THE PECULIAR SETTING OF THE STATE UNION

ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES The Constitutional Charter of the State Union: Section 1. ASSEMBLY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Competence Article 19: The Assembly of Serbia and Montenegro shall decide on the Constitutional Charter as the highest legal instrument of Serbia and Montenegro in the way laid down by the present Constitutional Charter and shall enact laws and other instruments governing: - …; - military issues and defense; - …; ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES The Constitutional Charter of the State Union: Section 1. ASSEMBLY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Competence Article 19: The Assembly of Serbia and Montenegro shall decide on the Constitutional Charter as the highest legal instrument of Serbia and Montenegro in the way laid down by the present Constitutional Charter and shall enact laws and other instruments governing: - …; - military issues and defense; - …;

THE PECULIAR SETTING OF THE STATE UNION ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES The Constitutional Charter of the State Union: Duty of the Army of Serbia and Montenegro Article 55 The duty of the Army shall be to defend Serbia and Montenegro in line with the present Constitutional Charter and the principles of international law that regulate the use of force. The defense strategy shall be adopted by the Assembly of Serbia and Montenegro in accordance with the law. ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES The Constitutional Charter of the State Union: Duty of the Army of Serbia and Montenegro Article 55 The duty of the Army shall be to defend Serbia and Montenegro in line with the present Constitutional Charter and the principles of international law that regulate the use of force. The defense strategy shall be adopted by the Assembly of Serbia and Montenegro in accordance with the law.

THE PECULIAR SETTING OF THE STATE UNION ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES Because of the above, the commonly held interpretation of the Constitutional Charter is that the State Union is in charge of conducting defence only, through the Supreme Defence Council (as the collective Commander in Chief), With the Army as the executive force, Based on the Defence Strategy (and other strategic documents) And, in accordance with international law. ABSENCE OF LEGAL PREREQUISITES Because of the above, the commonly held interpretation of the Constitutional Charter is that the State Union is in charge of conducting defence only, through the Supreme Defence Council (as the collective Commander in Chief), With the Army as the executive force, Based on the Defence Strategy (and other strategic documents) And, in accordance with international law.

THE PECULIAR SETTING OF THE STATE UNION ABSENCE OF STRUCTURAL PREREQUISITES There is a number of domestic security and intelligence organisations operating in Serbia and Montenegro: In Serbia: BIA – Security and Information Agency. MOI – UBPOK – Department for Combating Organised Crime. In Montenegro: DB – State Security. On the State Union level: MOD – VOA – Military Intelligence Agency – VBA – Military Security Agency MFA – SID – Information and Documentation Service – Diplomatic Security – Counter-Terrorism Department ABSENCE OF STRUCTURAL PREREQUISITES There is a number of domestic security and intelligence organisations operating in Serbia and Montenegro: In Serbia: BIA – Security and Information Agency. MOI – UBPOK – Department for Combating Organised Crime. In Montenegro: DB – State Security. On the State Union level: MOD – VOA – Military Intelligence Agency – VBA – Military Security Agency MFA – SID – Information and Documentation Service – Diplomatic Security – Counter-Terrorism Department

THE PECULIAR SETTING OF THE STATE UNION ABSENCE OF STRUCTURAL PREREQUISITES The State Union does not have a National Security Council. (Nor does any of the member states.) A set mechanism through which the Security Threats and Challenges can be interpreted, does not exist. Nor is there any other formal body or forum where the “products” of the intelligence community would be presented, debated and verified in order to be presented to top decision-makers. ABSENCE OF STRUCTURAL PREREQUISITES The State Union does not have a National Security Council. (Nor does any of the member states.) A set mechanism through which the Security Threats and Challenges can be interpreted, does not exist. Nor is there any other formal body or forum where the “products” of the intelligence community would be presented, debated and verified in order to be presented to top decision-makers.

Strategic Documents 2. THE NATIONAL DEFENCE STRATEGY

STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS National Security Strategy NATIONAL DEFENCE STRATEGY Defence White Paper Military Doctrine Strategic Defence Review STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING DEVELOPED STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING DEVELOPED

Table of Contents: 1.Security Environment 2.Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 3.Security and Defence Interests 4.Responses to Security Challenges, Risks and Threats 5.Defence System of Serbia and Montenegro 6.Planning and Financing of Defence Table of Contents: 1.Security Environment 2.Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 3.Security and Defence Interests 4.Responses to Security Challenges, Risks and Threats 5.Defence System of Serbia and Montenegro 6.Planning and Financing of Defence DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Defence Strategy of Serbia and Montenegro Defence Strategy of Serbia and Montenegro Defence Strategy of Serbia and Montenegro Defence Strategy of Serbia and Montenegro

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO A quote from the Introduction to the Defence Strategy of Serbia and Montenegro: “Serbia and Montenegro confirms its new approach to membership in international security structures, firstly to the NATO Partnership for Peace Program and the NATO Alliance, based upon the democratic will of the citizens, and to other European and Euro- Atlantic integration processes.” (The Defence Strategy was adopted on 18 November 2004 by the Parliament of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro)

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Traditional security and defence concepts have become obsolete – globalising world. Changes in international relations require new defence and security concepts – where national, regional and global security are interwoven. Euro-Atlantic integrations and regional integration processes are underway. UN, OSCE, EU and NATO are key elements of European security. Traditional security and defence concepts have become obsolete – globalising world. Changes in international relations require new defence and security concepts – where national, regional and global security are interwoven. Euro-Atlantic integrations and regional integration processes are underway. UN, OSCE, EU and NATO are key elements of European security.

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT The new role of NATO and the EU integration processes with other international and regional organisations significantly contribute to the stabilisation of peace and security. NATO’s PfP Programme is especially important – it enables political, security and defence cooperation of countries that are not yet NATO or EU members. Focus is on prevention and security enforcement within the regional environment. Security in SE Europe is additionally jeopardised by inherited instability and hardships of transition. The new role of NATO and the EU integration processes with other international and regional organisations significantly contribute to the stabilisation of peace and security. NATO’s PfP Programme is especially important – it enables political, security and defence cooperation of countries that are not yet NATO or EU members. Focus is on prevention and security enforcement within the regional environment. Security in SE Europe is additionally jeopardised by inherited instability and hardships of transition.

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Terrorism, ethnic and religious intolerance, organised and transnational crime, all impede the creation of best solutions. Yet, the Security of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro has significantly improved when compared to the last decade of the XX century. The possibility of direct military threat or aggression against Serbia and Montenegro has been reduced – all neighbours aspire to same civilisation values and integration objectives. Serbia and Montenegro does not consider any state as hostile. Terrorism, ethnic and religious intolerance, organised and transnational crime, all impede the creation of best solutions. Yet, the Security of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro has significantly improved when compared to the last decade of the XX century. The possibility of direct military threat or aggression against Serbia and Montenegro has been reduced – all neighbours aspire to same civilisation values and integration objectives. Serbia and Montenegro does not consider any state as hostile.

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO MILITARY CHALLENGES, RISKS AND THREATS 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security Aggression – least likely, but shouldn’t be excluded. Armed conflicts – possible in case of general European or world crisis, or may happen if regional democratic processes are stopped. Armed rebellions – motivated by unconstitutional and violent alteration of borders. SMAF are the executor of response to military threats to security. Use of force shall be the last resort, used in manner that is selective, measured and proportional to the intensity of the threat. Aggression – least likely, but shouldn’t be excluded. Armed conflicts – possible in case of general European or world crisis, or may happen if regional democratic processes are stopped. Armed rebellions – motivated by unconstitutional and violent alteration of borders. SMAF are the executor of response to military threats to security. Use of force shall be the last resort, used in manner that is selective, measured and proportional to the intensity of the threat.

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO NON-MILITARY CHALLENGES, RISKS AND THREATS 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security 2. Challenges, Risks and Threats to Security Terrorism – most widespread thereat. Trans-national in character and with links to organised crime. It is confronted by other security system elements as well. Organised crime and corruption – interrelated. Illicit drug and human trafficking, proliferation of SALWs and WMDs. Other threats – natural and manmade disasters, epidemics and accidents. Terrorism – most widespread thereat. Trans-national in character and with links to organised crime. It is confronted by other security system elements as well. Organised crime and corruption – interrelated. Illicit drug and human trafficking, proliferation of SALWs and WMDs. Other threats – natural and manmade disasters, epidemics and accidents.

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO The vital security and defence interests are the following: 3. Security and Defence Interests Defence of the member states and of Serbia and Montenegro; Accession to Euro-Atlantic integration processes, EU and other international organisations and institutions; Cooperation with international organisations and institutions; Development of confidence, security and stability in the region and Implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 1244 on Kosovo and Metohija. Defence of the member states and of Serbia and Montenegro; Accession to Euro-Atlantic integration processes, EU and other international organisations and institutions; Cooperation with international organisations and institutions; Development of confidence, security and stability in the region and Implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 1244 on Kosovo and Metohija.

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Main Strategies: Determination to achieve stability and security in the Euro- Atlantic region through cooperation and joint action with likeminded states; Reinforcement of internal stability and active contribution to stability and security in SE Europe; Full compliance to Dayton Peace Accords & UNSCR 1244; Determination to deploy SMAF in foreign territories only for PK Missions, upon UN decision and signed agreements; Determined neither to develop nor use WMDs and to actively participate in counter-proliferation efforts. Determination to achieve stability and security in the Euro- Atlantic region through cooperation and joint action with likeminded states; Reinforcement of internal stability and active contribution to stability and security in SE Europe; Full compliance to Dayton Peace Accords & UNSCR 1244; Determination to deploy SMAF in foreign territories only for PK Missions, upon UN decision and signed agreements; Determined neither to develop nor use WMDs and to actively participate in counter-proliferation efforts. 4. Responses to Security Challenges, Risks and Threats

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Strategic Concept of Defence: In WAR – decisive defence of the member states and the State Union with their own forces, with the assistance of partners, allies and friendly states; In PEACE – creation of reliable partnerships and cooperation in forming a favourable security environment and deterrence by an integrated and efficient defence system; In WAR – decisive defence of the member states and the State Union with their own forces, with the assistance of partners, allies and friendly states; In PEACE – creation of reliable partnerships and cooperation in forming a favourable security environment and deterrence by an integrated and efficient defence system; 4. Responses to Security Challenges, Risks and Threats Is the basis for the defence planning of Serbia and Montenegro. Depending on the nature and intensity of challenges, risks and threats to security, the response will be: Is the basis for the defence planning of Serbia and Montenegro. Depending on the nature and intensity of challenges, risks and threats to security, the response will be:

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Defence Resources: HUMAN RESOURCES – demographic potential of the member states eligible for defence service and trained and capable of integrating into the defence system; MATERIAL RESOURCES – natural, economic, financial, information, and other potentials of the member states and the State Union for defence requirements; HUMAN RESOURCES – demographic potential of the member states eligible for defence service and trained and capable of integrating into the defence system; MATERIAL RESOURCES – natural, economic, financial, information, and other potentials of the member states and the State Union for defence requirements; 4. Responses to Security Challenges, Risks and Threats

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Aims & Tasks of the Defence System: The AIMS: – defence and protection of vital security and defence interests, – active contribution to PK & developing favourable security environment, – developing partnership relations with collective security institutions, neighbouring countries and other states. The AIMS: – defence and protection of vital security and defence interests, – active contribution to PK & developing favourable security environment, – developing partnership relations with collective security institutions, neighbouring countries and other states. 5. Defence System of Serbia and Montenegro

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Aims & Tasks of the Defence System: The TASKS: – creation of a defence system capable of responding to current and future challenges to security in peace & war, – creation of a stable defence system in accordance with available resources and capabilities, – achieving interoperability with defence systems and cooperation with PfP and NATO member states, – efficient defence management & reform of the defence system. The TASKS: – creation of a defence system capable of responding to current and future challenges to security in peace & war, – creation of a stable defence system in accordance with available resources and capabilities, – achieving interoperability with defence systems and cooperation with PfP and NATO member states, – efficient defence management & reform of the defence system. 5. Defence System of Serbia and Montenegro

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro: Missions: – defence of the member states and of Serbia and Montenegro against external armed threats, – engagement in building and maintaining peace in the region and the world, – support to the member states in case of natural disasters and catastrophes. Missions: – defence of the member states and of Serbia and Montenegro against external armed threats, – engagement in building and maintaining peace in the region and the world, – support to the member states in case of natural disasters and catastrophes. 5. Defence System of Serbia and Montenegro

DEFENCE STRATEGY OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 6. Defence Planning and Budgeting State Union defence planning and budgeting is an integral part of the Government process of planning and budgeting; In the process of defence planning, Serbia and Montenegro applies the integrated system of long-term planning, mid-term programming and annual budgeting, according to international standards; State Union defence planning and budgeting is an integral part of the Government process of planning and budgeting; In the process of defence planning, Serbia and Montenegro applies the integrated system of long-term planning, mid-term programming and annual budgeting, according to international standards;

A WAY AHEAD 3.

A WAY AHEAD CONCEPTUAL CHANGES CONCEPTUAL CHANGES CONCEPTUAL CHANGES CONCEPTUAL CHANGES SOME CURRENT PROPOSALS: National Security Strategy could be drafted at the State Union level – requires political consensus. National Security Strategy could be drafted at each member state level, then a combined document drafted at the State Union level. National Security Strategy could be drafted at each member state level with no document brought to State Union level. National Security Strategy could be drafted at the State Union level – requires political consensus. National Security Strategy could be drafted at each member state level, then a combined document drafted at the State Union level. National Security Strategy could be drafted at each member state level with no document brought to State Union level.

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