Shuttles Cameron Smith, Evan Kangas, Maiko Arashiro EECE 449/549, Spring 2009

Objectives of Model Estimate the carbon emissions caused by local travel on and around WashU campus – Campus Circulation Shuttles – METRO Buses with specific WUSTL Lines (Green, Red, Gold) – University Fleet Vehicles – Lawn Mowers and Other Landscaping Vehicles – We Car Necessary because: – Not evaluated in 2008 class – WashU is mainly responsible for shuttles route

Washington University Transportation Sector - Overview Carbon Emission (EM), k Students Faculty Staff SUV/Truck Bus Metro Electric PMT Fuels (FM), j Diesel Car Gas  a i =1 Fraction of PMT b i VMT/PMT d jk Emission/Fuel- Commuting distance # of trips Activity Walk/Bike SUV/Truck Bus Metro Car Walk/Bike VMT c ij Fuel/VMT On Campus Trspt distance # of trips Unv. Mng Travel distance # of trips Train Air Train Air Shuttles Jet Fuel Other Lawn- Mowers

Wash U Transportation – Bus/Shuttle Transportation Only Electric CarbonDiesel Faculty Gas Transportation with Public Buses Bus/Shuttle Miles Traveled VMTFUELEMISSIONS Formulas: VMT = (Number of Routes/Day)*(Days/Year)*(Miles/Route) Fuel = (Miles/Year)*(Gallons/Mile) Emissions = (Gallons of Fuel/Year)*(Energy/Gallon)*(Emission/Energy) Staff Students PopulationActivity

Model Methodology Population: Not a major driver WashU population remains fairly constant PMT: Not a major driver Buses run on their own schedule Relevant if route was changed based on ridership VMT: THE Driver Largest driver of emissions Set bus miles – calculated based on schedule and route

Model Methodology Goods & Services: The Fleets Fuel efficiency of vehicle fleet Material Flow: Fuel Choice Assumed fleet is run on diesel fuel Improvement to fuel economy can reduce emissions Emissions: Carbon calculated the grams of carbon per energy of diesel fuel (2778 g Carbon/gal Diesel) x (1 gal Diesel/ BTU) = g Carbon/BTU

Model Methodology: Lawn Mowers Carbon emitted from maintaining the lawns on WashU’s 169 acre campus Assumptions: 1/2 of this area is mowed once a week from April 1 to November 1 span of 27 total weeks Given in square meters: 84.5 acres x ( m 2 /1 acre) = 341, m 2 "mowable" area one long strip of land 341, m long and 1 m wide Mowers are at least 1 m in width. mowing one mile long strip of grass (1600m = 1 mile) 27 times. Diesel with fuel efficiency of 1 mile per gallon Equation: 27 x miles x ( BTU / gal) x ( g carbon / gal BTU) X (1 t carbon / 10 6 g carbon)

Model Methodology: Bus/Shuttle VMT – Calculated using Google maps to map bus routes – Campus Circulator Route, Green Line Route, Red Line Route, and Gold Line Route Campus Circulator RouteGreen Line RouteRed Line RouteGold Line Route Fuel Efficiency – obtained from METRO Contact Courtney Sloger. – fleet average fuel efficiency (miles/gallon) for the entire St. Louis METRO BUS fleet in 2008 – The exact number used was 4.11 miles/gallon Energy / Gallon – energy content of diesel fuel Carbon/Energy – emissions caused by diesel fuel combustion (VMT) / (Fuel Efficiency) X (Energy / Gallon) X (Carbon / Energy) = Carbon

VMT Calculations WeekdaysSaturdaySunday Main Circuts Short Circuit A*200 Short Circuit B*3.5 5 Short Circuit C*300 Short Circuit D*500 Late Day Circuit E*111 Short Circuit F*010 Short Circuit G*033 Short Circuit H*045 Number of Days / Year26152 Total Cycles in a YearMiles/CycleTotal Miles Main Circuts Short Circuit A* Short Circuit B* Short Circuit C* Short Circuit D* Late Day Circuit E* Short Circuit F* Short Circuit G* Short Circuit H* *Short Circuit A=circuit at beginning of Northbound, Monday- Friday *Short Cirtuit B=circuit at end of Northbound Weekday, Satruday, and Sunday *Short Circuit C=circuit just after main circuts on Southbound, Monday-Friday *Short Circuit D=circuit just before end of day on Southbound, Monday-Friday *Late Day Circuit E=circuit just before end of day on Northbound, Monday- Friday Short Circuit F*=circuit just after main circuits on Southbound, Saturday Short Circuit G*=circuit just after Short Circuit F on Southbound, Saturday Shor Circuit H*=circuit just before end of day on Southbound, Saturday Sample Calculations: Red Line

Carbon Emissions Calculations 1.00 VMT Fuel Efficiency Gallons of Fuel Energy / GallonEnergy Carbon / EnergyCarbon YearMilesMiles/GallonGallonsBTU/GallonBTUg / BTUg Sample Calculations: Red Line

Results: Carbon Emissions Bus RouteCarbon Emissions (grams) Campus Circulator54,171,120 Green Line187,957,251 Red Line278,840,300 Gold Line175,525,558 Bus subtotal696,440,229 Other SourcesCarbon Emissions (grams) Lawn mowers17,300,000 University Fleet (2008)90,000,000 subtotal107,300,000

Results Shuttles.xlsShuttles.xls‎ Assuming no yearly changes until 2020 Change in fuel efficiency, fuel type, or vehicle routes affects future emissions

Results: Reduction of one cycle Shuttles.xlsShuttles.xls‎ Red Line is major carbon emitter Reduction of one cycle per route daily results in noticeable carbon reduction

Conclusions Estimated carbon emissions – metric tonnes Lawn Mowers minor contributors Bus/Shuttle major contributors Small fraction of 25,000 metric tonnes estimated by last years class Still an area that can be improved

Future Improvements and Next Steps Model Improve accuracy Lawn mower shuttles Update University fleet Obtain WeCar data Reduction considerations Improve fuel efficiency Reduce number of cycles per day Consolidate certain routes

References Kent Theiling (314) Top Care Jay Ballalie (314) , METRO Courtney Sloger (314) METRO