Rating the Road for Vulnerable Users February 17, 2011

A World Free of High-risk Roads

Road deaths per 100,000 m population, 2008 IRTAD, 2009 * 2007 (p) provisional

A World Free of High-risk Roads

iRAP is a not-for-profit working in partnership with government and non-government organisations to: –assess high-risk roads and create targeted safety plans –provide training, technology and support –track road safety performance About iRAP

A World Free of High-risk Roads Development of RAP

iRAP Vulnerable Road Users: – Peds – Bikes (increasingly, electric bikes) – Motorscooter/cycles Star Ratings concept Road Inspection Data Road Safety Investment Plan Road Protection Scores Star Rating

Sources of data Examples: –Elvik, R. and Vaa, T. (2004) The handbook of road safety measures –Ogden, K. (1996) Safer Roads: A Guide to Road Safety Engineering.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Road inspections

A World Free of High-risk Roads Along Across Pedestrians Speed Sidewalk provision – left Sidewalk provision – right Side friction Speed Sidewalk provision – left Sidewalk provision – right Side friction Speed Number of lanes Median type Crossing facilities Crossing facilities quality Speed Number of lanes Median type Crossing facilities Crossing facilities quality Road users Crash types Road attributes

A World Free of High-risk Roads Road Protection Scores Along Across Intersection Bicyclists Speed Roadside severity – left Roadside severity – right Lane width Paved shoulder Curvature Curve quality Delineation Road condition Facilitates for bikes Side friction Speed Roadside severity – left Roadside severity – right Lane width Paved shoulder Curvature Curve quality Delineation Road condition Facilitates for bikes Side friction Speed Crossing facilities Number of lanes Median type Crossing facilities Crossing facilities quality Speed Crossing facilities Number of lanes Median type Crossing facilities Crossing facilities quality Speed Intersection type Intersecting road volume Intersection quality Minor access density Speed Intersection type Intersecting road volume Intersection quality Minor access density Road users Crash types Road attributes

A World Free of High-risk Roads Traffic Total traffic flow recorded in AADT –This should include all motorised vehicles –The numeric value will be entered for each 100m section

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle flow High Medium Low None -6 + bicycles per 100m -3 to 5 bicycles per 100m -1 to 3 bicycles per 100m -No bicycles present Notes: Raters should assess the general proportions of bicyclist in the flow over an extended length – and apply that for all segments along that road until an obvious change in proportions is noted.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian flow – crossing road High Medium Low None -6 + crossing per 100m -3 to 5 crossing per 100m -1 to 3 crossing per 100m -No pedestrians crossing daily Notes: It is acknowledged that this is a random sampling of pedestrian activity, it is not intended to reflect an exact pedestrian volume. This data should be used in association with land-use data and local knowledge to derive the pedestrian demand rating required by the iRAP model.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian flow – along road High Medium Low None -6 + along per 100m -3 to 5 along per 100m -1 to 3 along per 100m -No pedestrians along daily Notes: It is acknowledged that this is a random sampling of pedestrian activity, it is not intended to reflect an exact pedestrian volume. This data should be used in association with land-use data and local knowledge to derive the pedestrian demand rating required by the iRAP model.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Area type Urban Semi-urban Houses Urban: continuous development > 800m. Semi Urban: continuous development 200m to 800m higher speed roads on the outskirts of towns rural roads passing through lower density development or villages

A World Free of High-risk Roads Area type Rural Rural: All other areas

A World Free of High-risk Roads Number of lanes Two Two lanes in direction of travel

A World Free of High-risk Roads Speed limit >120 km/h 110 km/h 100 km/h 90 km/h 80 km/h 70 km/h 60 km/h 50 km/h <40 km/h Notes The actual posted numerical speed limit should be recorded If no speed limit is signed, the default speed limit set by law for that type of road should be used.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Lane width Medium 2.75 to 3.25m Lane width is 2.75 to 3.25m

A World Free of High-risk Roads Paved shoulder width 0 to 1m wide 0-1m Paved shoulder is 0 to 1m

A World Free of High-risk Roads Unpaved shoulder width 1 to 2.4m wide 1-2.4m Unpaved shoulder is 1 to 2.4m

A World Free of High-risk Roads Shoulder rumble strips Yes - present Only rumble strips that are approximately greater than 30cm in width and 5cm depth/height should be recorded.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Delineation Adequate Signs warning of severe hazards, and centre and edge markings are generally present and visible

A World Free of High-risk Roads Road Condition Poor Road has serious defects which are likely to result in frequent or unpredictable impact on vehicle control

A World Free of High-risk Roads Sidewalk – Left 1 to 3m Non-physical separation from traffic 1-3m Sidewalk separated from roadway by between 1m and 3m but no barrier provided

A World Free of High-risk Roads Sidewalk – Left Physical barrier Sidewalk separated from road by a physical barrier at least 1m high

A World Free of High-risk Roads

Side Friction Medium Activities or parking on one side of the road spill out onto the road

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian crossing facilities Refuge only No crossing is marked but a central refuge is provided for pedestrians

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian crossing facilities Unsignalised marked crossing without refuge The crossing is well marked but has no central refuge

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian crossing facilities Unsignalised marked crossing with refuge The crossing is well marked and split with a central refuge

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian crossing facilities Signalised without refuge Traffic signals control pedestrian and vehicle movements

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian crossing facilities Signalised with refuge Traffic signals control pedestrian and vehicle movements; the crossing is split with a central refuge

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian crossing facilities Grade separated facility The crossing is physically separated and does not bring pedestrians into conflict with traffic

A World Free of High-risk Roads Quality of crossing Poor Rapid or unexpected speed adjustments might be needed to avoid risk to pedestrians

A World Free of High-risk Roads Facilities for bicycles None No specific provisions for bicycles

A World Free of High-risk Roads Facilities for bicycles Dedicated bicycle lane on roadway Dedicated bicycle lane separated from traffic only by lane marking on roadway or by <1m of raised or paved surface

A World Free of High-risk Roads Facilities for bicycles Segregated Bicycle path Bicycle path separated from traffic by at least 1m raised or paved surface

A World Free of High-risk Roads Facilities for bicycles Segregated Bicycle path with barrier Segregated bicycle path separated by a physical barrier or located at least 10m from the road The physical barrier must be sufficient to restrain a vehicle from entering the bicycle facility at the posted speed limit.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity – Bike path Cliff Distance to object 0 to 5m Steep embankment slope Deep drainage ditch Distance to object 5 to 10m Cut Safety barrier Motorcycle friendly barrier Distance to object > 10m Notes: Roadside severity – Segregated Bicyclist Path records the roadside when there are segregated bicycle facilities

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity - Right Cliff Cliff or equivalent hazard that will result in certain fatality regardless of speed

A World Free of High-risk Roads Distance to object 0 to 5m 0-5m Roadside severity - Right Aggressive objects within effective distance of 5m Roadside gradient should be taken into account Examples of hazardous objects are: Lighting columns Trees greater than 10cm diameter Posts greater than 10cm diameter Structures that cause a rapid deceleration when hit Ramped ends of safety barriers

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity - Right Steep embankment slope Embankments with : >1:3 slope & drop >5m >1:2 slope & drop >1.5m Rule of thumb A slope should be recorded if a vehicle is likely to roll on it

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity - Right Deep drainage ditch Ditch of material, depth, or severity of angled face likely to result in severe injury to vehicle occupants. If the ditch does not if this criteria it should be recorded Rule of thumb Only record a ditch if most of the vehicle would drop into the ditch.

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity - Right Distance to object 5 to 10m 5-10m Aggressive objects within effective distance of 5 to 10m Roadside gradient should be taken into account

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity - Right Cut Non-aggressive cut face of at least 2m height Examples of cut are: Earth bound banks Grass banks Rock faces should not be recorded as cut

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity - Right Safety barrier Barrier sufficient to restrain most cars and small vehicles

A World Free of High-risk Roads Roadside severity - Right Motorcycle friendly barrier Barrier designed specifically to restrain motorcycles without injury to the rider

A World Free of High-risk Roads Major intersection 3 leg signalised turn lane 3-leg intersection or T-junction with a turn lane (crossing opposing traffic) and signals

A World Free of High-risk Roads Major intersection Roundabout All roundabouts

A World Free of High-risk Roads Major intersection Railway crossing – Active An at-grade railway crossing with a physical device to warn of an approaching train (flashing lights and/or boom gates)

A World Free of High-risk Roads Major intersection Merge lane Side-traffic joins the road being assessed via a merge lane. This is typically the case at grade separated intersections. If the merge lane is longer than 100m it should only be recorded once

A World Free of High-risk Roads Major intersection Median crossing – Informal Divided roads only - A high demand U-turn location (formal or informal) that has no acceleration or deceleration lanes and/or the pavement surface is in poor condition

A World Free of High-risk Roads Major intersection Median crossing – Formal Divided roads only - A high demand U-turn location (formal) that has appropriate acceleration and deceleration lanes and the pavement surface is in good condition

A World Free of High-risk Roads Median type Centre line only Single or double central line If the road is undivided and has no markings it should be recorded as: Median type = centre line only Delineation = poor

A World Free of High-risk Roads Median type Central hatching Marked central strip at least 1m wide Examples of marking are: Stripes Coloured paving

A World Free of High-risk Roads Median type Rumble strip / flexi posts Central rumble strip or flexible post, but no continuous physical divider. Examples are: Raised markings Grooved roadway Small physical obstacles Textured paint is not considered rumble strip

A World Free of High-risk Roads Median type Continuous central turning lane Continuous central lane designated as a turning lane

A World Free of High-risk Roads Median type Physical median width 1 to 5m Divided road with defined median of different material of width 1 to 5m 1-5m

A World Free of High-risk Roads Median type Safety barrier Divided road with safety barrier to international standards If barrier is obviously defective, rate as though there is no barrier present

A World Free of High-risk Roads Median type Safety barrier Divided road with safety barrier to international standards If barrier is obviously defective, rate as though there is no barrier present

A World Free of High-risk Roads

Safer Roads Investment Plan RPS x traffic volume x calibration factorDeaths and serious injuries (before)Apply countermeasures  new RPSDeaths and serious injuries (after) Reduction in deaths and serious injuries and economic benefit

A World Free of High-risk Roads Safer Roads Investment Plans

A World Free of High-risk Roads Country Roads Assessed (km) KSI's Saved (20 year) KSI ReductionBCR$ / KSI Saved Malaysia3,65032,000-32%15$5,700 Chile2,40019,000-44%31$3,800 Serbia3,0005,600-21%7$11,100 Average (10 projects) 23,000140,000-25%14$4,700 * 20 year benefits and costs in USD ** KSI = Killed and Seriously Injured Selected recommendations $US, 20 years Counter- measure Country Length / sites Deaths and serious injuries prevented BCR Number$ per Safety barriersKenya200 km13,300$90021 FootpathsChile530 km6,100$4,50028 Ped crossingsCosta Rica3103,100$4,00019 ShouldersSerbia290 km1,200$8,60010 M/cycle lanesMalaysia270 km900$6,00015

A World Free of High-risk Roads Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Director: Julio Urzua Meso American Highway iRAP planning to assess 3000km through 7 countries Chile US$32m plan to prevent 19,000 KSI Peru iRAP recommendations in US$540 project Paraguay Capacity-building project supported by IDB in 2010/11 Argentina 3,100km assessment across national and Cordoba State highways Costa Rica iRAP results part of major review of speed limits Mexico MOU discussions with the Departments of Health and Transport KSI = killed and seriously injured

A World Free of High-risk Roads 3,500,000 km Length of road assessed 1,000,000 Deaths and serious injuries that could be prevented $US 70,000,000,000 Annual economic benefit

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian Safety Features barrier between sidewalk and edge of traveled way sidewalk or side path Separation distance between sidewalk or side path and edge of traveled way Mean speed of traffic under free-flow conditions Posted speed limit (or legal limit if not posted) Number of lanes for use by through traffic Urban area boundaries bus or taxi stops parking on the side of the roadway within 2 m outside of the edge of the traveled way Encroachment Traffic Interaction

A World Free of High-risk Roads Pedestrian Safety Features (cont.) grade separated pedestrian crossing facility pedestrian signal for crosswalk marked crosswalk at pedestrian crossing –Retroreflectivity of crosswalk markings advanced signing for pedestrian crossing Sight distance to pedestrian crossing traffic barrier in median unpaved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier paved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier paved median with no curbs and no traffic barrier Width of median Centerline rumble strips roadway centerline marking Crossing Median refuge

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle Safety Features side path (separated from traveled way) barrier between traveled way and side path bicycle markings on pavement of side path bicycle signing for side path distance from side path to traveled way marked bicycle lane adjacent to travel lanes paved shoulder width of paved shoulder parking within 2 m outside of the edge of the traveled way percentage of the road surface disturbed by potholes or other surface disturbances Traffic Interaction

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle Safety Features Posted speed limit or Legal speed limit (if not posted) Mean speed of traffic under free-flow conditions (from actual traffic data) Number of lanes for use by through traffic Total width of lanes serving through traffic potholes or other road surface disturbances that can potentially affect vehicle operations bus or taxi stops Urban area boundaries Traffic Interaction

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle Safety Features (cont.) traffic barrier in median unpaved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier paved median with raised curbs and no traffic barrier paved median with no curbs and no traffic barrier Width of median median opening Condition of median opening Median refuge

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle Safety Features (cont.) drainage ditch with depth of at least 1 m within 5 m of the traveled way fill slope (earth embankment sloping away from the traveled way) with slope of 1:2 or steeper with a height of at least 1.5 m fill slope (earth embankment sloping away from the traveled way) with slope of 1:3 to 1:2 with a height of at least 5 m cliff with open drop within 10 m of traveled way cut slope (earth embankment sloping down toward traveled way) of at least 2 m in height roadside object greater than 100 mm in diameter on the side of the roadway Distance from roadside object greater than 100 mm in diameter to traveled way Roadside hazards

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle Safety Features (cont.) steel guardrail on the side of the roadway concrete barrier on the side of the roadway cable barrier on the side of the roadway roadside delineators, esp. on curve edge line markings, esp. on curve –Retroreflectivity of edge line markings, esp. on curves shoulder rumble strip lane line markings, esp. on curve –Retroreflectivity of lane line markings, esp. on curves centerline marking, esp. on curve –Retroreflectivity of centerline marking, esp. on curves centerline rumble strip Barriers and marking

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle Safety Features (cont.) advance signing on approach to curve Radius of curvature for curve Sight distance to beginning of horizontal curve chevron markers on curve Sight distance to intersection advance signing on intersection approach traffic signal control at intersection (stop-and-go signals, not a flasher) roundabout left-turn lane at intersection (far side of intersection) left-turn lane at intersection (near side of intersection) intersection leg on side of roadway driveway entrance ramp merging into roadway Curves Intersections

A World Free of High-risk Roads Bicycle Safety Features (cont.) Sight distance to pedestrian crossing grade separated pedestrian crossing facility marked crosswalk at pedestrian crossing pedestrian signal for crosswalk advanced signing for pedestrian crossing Retroreflectivity of crosswalk markings, esp. on curves railroad grade crossing flashing signals at railroad grade crossing gates at railroad grade crossing Pedestrian Crossings Railroads