Knock Wood Presented by Anna DiFelice and Megan Dern.

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Knock Wood Presented by Anna DiFelice and Megan Dern

Background B. F. Skinner – “Father of Radical Behaviorism” Skinner Box Environment Consequences Reinforcers vs. Punishers Extinction

Question: Does being superstitious require thinking, knowing, and reasoning? Hypothesis: Operant Conditioning has much to do with superstitious behavior.

Theory Knocking on wood, avoiding walking under ladders, stepping on sidewalk cracks, etc. Why do people gain superstitious behaviors? Noncontingent Reinforcement

Experiment Method: -Skinner Box -Skinner used Pigeons -Positive reinforcements -Intervals Results: -6/8 trials -Superstitious behaviors -The pigeons believed whatever they were doing affected whether or not they got food -Extinction

Discussion Bowling: -twist and turn your arm -your arm has no effect on the ball -ball’s movement in addition to the consequence creates superstition The effect of high expectations and extinction

Another Example 1961 Bruner and Revuski Experiment: -Four Students sit in front of four buttons -Reinforcement every 10 seconds -They all developed a superstitious pattern

More Recently 1998 Sagvolden experiment based off of Skinner’s findings ADHD boys vs. non- ADHD boys

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