Chapter 10 Matter and Temperature

10.1 The Nature of Matter matter – anything that takes up space and has mass Democritus(430 BC) – proposed matter was composed of basic/finite particles Dalton(1803) – proposed matter made up of atoms Brown(1827) – saw tiny pollen grains moving in irregular manner Brownian motion – irregular or jerky motion of particles moving and colliding with other particles Einstein(1905) – proposed Brownian motion caused by smaller, invisible particles

classifying matter by composition homogeneous matter – same composition through out water, air, sugar, steel, gold, carbon, gasoline heterogeneous matter – different composition through out tossed salad, raisin bran, smoky/dusty air, Lake Tschida water in July

Composition of Matter Matter homogeneous matter - same through out heterogeneous matter - different through out - kool-aid - air - water - gold - lucky charms - chef salad - dusty/smoky air - granite - river water mixture

mixture – 2 or more things that are physically combined no formula easy to separate retain own properties no chemical reaction examples – chicken noodle soup, lemonade, ???

Composition of Matter Matter homogeneous matter - same through out heterogeneous matter - different through out - kool-aid - air - water - gold - lucky charms - chef salad - dusty/smoky air - granite - river water mixture

 homogeneous matter pure substances - only one type of matter - no “impurities” solutions -homogeneous mixture - single phase -gold - water - sugar - carbon -Kool-Aid - pop - air - steel - “alloys”

 solutions – homogeneous mixtures  must consist of a single phase ▪all solid or all liquid or all gas  no formula  easy to separate examples – steel, air, Kool-Aid, tap water,…

 homogeneous matter pure substances - only one type of matter - no “impurities” solutions -homogeneous mixture - single phase -gold - water - sugar - carbon -Kool-Aid - pop - air - steel - “alloys”

pure substance – consists of one type of matter ALL PARTICLES ARE IDENTICAL NO IMPURITIES examples – gold, sugar, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sodium chloride, water

 pure substance  only consists of one type of matter ▪no impurities -gold - water - carbon dioxide - sugar compounds

compound – consist of 2 or more substances that are chemically combined has a formula forms in a chemical Rx can be separated by chemical Rx different properties than substances they come from molecule – individual particle made up of 2 or more nonmetals

 pure substance  only consists of one type of matter ▪no impurities -gold - water - carbon dioxide - sugar compoundselements

element – basic building blocks of all matter can’t be broken down into simple substances comprised of similar atoms atom – smallest particle that has the properties of an element very small( m) or 10,000,000,000 in 1 m Al foil = 200,000 atoms thick each element has a unique type of atom 92 naturally occurring, 118? total

 colloid  a mixture with particles that are too large to dissolve but too small to settle out ▪paint, milk, fog,...  Tyndall effect ▪light scatters off the particles ▪appears cloudy or foggy

 suspension  particles are too large to dissolve and too large to stay suspended  settle out or settle to the bottom ▪dust in air, smoke, clay/silt in water,...

10.2 Matter and Temperature kinetic NRG – NRG of motion potential NRG – NRG of position or at rest atoms are always in constant motion solids – vibratory motion liquids – flowing motion gases – zipping motion atoms always have kinetic NRG temperature – measure of average kinetic NRG of a substances particles

thermometer – instrument used to measure temperature

temp scales Fahrenheit(F o ) Celsius(C o ) Kelvin(K)

temp. conversions from F o to C o C o = ((F o + 40) x 5/9) – 40 what is temp of 75 o F in C o ? C o = ((75 o F + 40) x 5/9) – 40 C o = 23.9 o C what is body temp in C o ? C o = (( ) x 5/9) - 40 C o = 37 o C

temp. conversions cont. from C o to F o F o = ((C o + 40) x 9/5) – 40 what is room temp in F o ? F o = ((25 o C + 40) x 9/5) – 40 F o = 77 o C what is temp in F o of -40 o C? F o = ((-40 o C + 40) x 9/5) - 40 F o = -40 o C

temp conversions cont. from C o to K K = C o At what K temp does water boil? K = 100 o C K = 373K from K to C o C o = K – 273 What is the C o of absolute zero(0 K) C o = 0 K – 273 o C C o = -273 o C

10.3 The Phases of Matter phases(states) of matter – solid, liquid, gas, plasma solid - definite shape & definite volume definite shape particles arranged in pattern doesn’t need a container, doesn’t flow definite volume particles packed close together

liquid – no definite shape & definite volume no definite shape(flow) needs a container on all sides but top particles random order move past one another - flow definite volume particles packed close together

gas – no definite shape or volume no definite shape(flow) needs a container on all sides particles random order move past one another - flow no definite volume particles are very spread apart mainly empty space can be compressed or expanded fill any container

plasma – high NRG phase of matter consist of pieces of atoms lightning, welding, sun

intermolecular forces(IMF) force of attraction between molecules hold solids and liquids together don’t exist in gases inversely related to temperature as temp increases, strength of IMF decreases phase changes temperature at which a substance changes from one phase to another temp at which IMF form/broken

melting phase change from solid to liquid ice = 0 o C, mercury= -39 o C, solid O = -218 o C freezing phase change from liquid to solid water = 0 o C, mercury -39 o C, O = -218 o C boiling phase change from a liquid to a gas water 100 o C, mercury 357 o C, O = -183

condensation phase change from gas to liquid state water 100 o C, mercury 357 o C, O = -183 sublimation phase change from solid to gas(skips liquid) mothballs, urinal cakes, ice deposition phase change from gas to solid(skips liquid) frost, synthetic diamonds, electrostatic paints

Classification of Matter by composition MATTER Homogeneous -same thru-out Heterogeneous -different thru-out Mixture -2 or more subst. -easily separated thru physical means -no formula - retain same properties -may consist of diff. phases Pure substance -one type of matter only - oxygen, water Solution -one phase, 2 or more substances -air, pop, stainless steel Element -simplest -one type of atom -lead, oxygen Compound -2 or more subst. -chem Rx to separate -specific formula - different properties -water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition MATTER Homogeneous -same thru-out Heterogeneous -different thru-out Mixture -2 or more subst. -easily separated thru physical means -no formula - retain same properties -may consist of diff. phases Pure substance -one type of matter only - oxygen, water Solution -one phase, 2 or more substances -air, pop, stainless steel Element -simplest -one type of atom -lead, oxygen Compound -2 or more subst. -chem Rx to separate -specific formula - different properties -water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition MATTER Homogeneous -same thru-out Heterogeneous -different thru-out Mixture -2 or more subst. -easily separated thru physical means -no formula - retain same properties -may consist of diff. phases Pure substance -one type of matter only - oxygen, water Solution -one phase, 2 or more substances -air, pop, stainless steel Element -simplest -one type of atom -lead, oxygen Compound -2 or more subst. -chem Rx to separate -specific formula - different properties -water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition MATTER Homogeneous -same thru-out Heterogeneous -different thru-out Mixture -2 or more subst. -easily separated thru physical means -no formula - retain same properties -may consist of diff. phases Pure substance -one type of matter only - oxygen, water Solution -one phase, 2 or more substances -air, pop, stainless steel Element -simplest -one type of atom -lead, oxygen Compound -2 or more subst. -chem Rx to separate -specific formula - different properties -water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition MATTER Homogeneous -same thru-out Heterogeneous -different thru-out Mixture -2 or more subst. -easily separated thru physical means -no formula - retain same properties -may consist of diff. phases Pure substance -one type of matter only - oxygen, water Solution -one phase, 2 or more substances -air, pop, stainless steel Element -simplest -one type of atom -lead, oxygen Compound -2 or more subst. -chem Rx to separate -specific formula - different properties -water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition MATTER Homogeneous -same thru-out Heterogeneous -different thru-out Mixture -2 or more subst. -easily separated thru physical means -no formula - retain same properties -may consist of diff. phases Pure substance -one type of matter only - oxygen, water Solution -one phase, 2 or more substances -air, pop, stainless steel Element -simplest -one type of atom -lead, oxygen Compound -2 or more subst. -chem Rx to separate -specific formula - different properties -water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid