The New York Control Area (NYCA) Session 4. The New York Control Area (NYCA) Bob Waldele Manager – Operations Engineering Operations & Reliability NYISO

Robert Waldele mini-bio 33 years with NYPP and NYISO (transmission planning, dispatcher training, operations engineering) BSEE(Comp. Sci., Power) Northwestern University Railfan/Photographer, Model Railroader (garden) Church Organist and Choir Director Rumored to have caused first Blackout (Nov. 9, 1965) while still in high school Member of “Operator Tools, Training, and EMS Performance” Team of the NERC 2003 Blackout Investigation Task Force Active participant in numerous IEEE-PES, NPCC, NERC and EPRI study and support groups

Annie Liebovitz – photographer “Success didn’t spoil me, I’ve always been insufferable.”

The New York Control Area (NYCA) Location of major facilities Generation Transmission system & constraints The New York ISO Commercial responsibilities Normal operation responsibilities Emergency operation responsibilities Transmission interfaces (“flowgates”) Likely transmission constraints in NYCA Ties with neighboring systems OASIS

Sprainbrook Dunwoodie New York State Transmission System (230 kV and above) Legend: 345 kV 500 kV 230 kV 765 kV Willis Millwood E. Garden City Shore Rd. Farragut Goethals E. Fishkill Roseton Coopers Corners Rock Tavern Buchanan Ramapo Rotterdam New Scotland Leeds Gilboa Fraser Stolle Rd. Meyer Hillside Alps Watercure Oakdale Adirondack Clay Lafayette Pannell Sta. 80 Somerset Niagara Huntley Dunkirk Oswego Complex Porter Marcy Edic Chateauguay Homer City Plattsburgh Moses Massena Pleasant Valley W49St/Rainey Sprainbrook Dunwoodie

The New York ISO What does the NYISO do? Commercial responsibilities Administers the Tariffs Open Access Transmission Tariff (“OATT”) Market Services Tariff Agreements with Market Participants NYISO has operational responsibilities to insure the reliability of the NYCA and its interconnections

NYISO Markets Energy - in two separate markets: Day-Ahead Real-Time 2 direct bid Ancillary Services Operating Reserve Regulation Generation Capacity - ICAP Cost Based Ancillary Services Congestion Protection - the “TCC”

More commercial information? We are not going to go into detail about the NYISO Market Operation NY Market Operation Course (NYMOC) Covers the aspects of dealing with the Market Information System (MIS), participating in the several ancillary service markets Go to www.nyiso.com for more information and schedule and registration And now a word from “MY sponsor”

System Operations What does the NYISO do? Transmission system security (“Reliability Coordinator”) Control Area Operator (“balancing authority”) Outage Scheduling Planning (resource, transmission, load forecasting) Generator interaction with NYISO Control Area Operation

Overview of Control Area Operation Ontario (IESO) Quebec ISO-NE PJM New York Control Area This is the NY control area. It is bounded by 4 other control areas: PJM, ISO-NE, IMO and HQ (Trans Energy). In order to understand control area operation and know exactly where we are now, we may find it beneficial to take a step back into history and view the system from the past.

Reliability Coordinator’s Responsibility If we don’t coordinate the collective security of the interconnected power system, the whole business can collapse like a house of cards. It has happened, and it’s not pretty: The Northeast Blackout – Nov. 9th 1965 (the ‘grand-daddy’ of them all until…)

Other Notable Events July 1977 - New York City July 1989 - Province of Quebec January 1994 – WSCC December 1994 – WSCC July, August 1996 – Pacific NW (3 times) January 1998 – Montreal and Northern NY December 1998 – San Francisco And who can forget… August 14, 2003 – Midwest and Northeast Near Misses – Load Shedding Events January 1994 – East Coast US August 1996 – Eastern NY

…those who refuse to learn from history are doomed to repeat it. …Santayana

NYISO’s RC Responsibilities Interaction with Generation Owners Interaction with Transmission Owners Transmission interfaces (“flowgates”) Likely transmission constraints in NYCA Ties with neighboring systems

Interaction with Generators Real-time security dispatch adjusts output of generators to respect system security constraints AGC adjusts generation to maintain area control error (ACE) Reserve pick-up adjusts generation following a contingency loss of resource

Load Following - RTS RTS dispatches generators with basepoints to meet the 5 minute projected load Primary control of generation based on availability, cost, capability limits, and response rates Maintain reserve requirements Adjusts generation to solve security constraints Calculates real time prices At the start of each dispatch - this is the reference point. 1. SCD takes a snapshot of the telemetered values of generation & transmission line flows. 2. Calculates security constraints, interchange,transmission losses & penalty factors. 3. Generator info loaded (MGF file) determines Max-min on dispatchable units. 4. Begins setting basepoints at min or max - closet to actual. 5. Sets up a linear programming problem. 6. Finds a feasible solution. 7. Optimizes the solution with least cost gen. 8. Calculates reserves and performs re-dispatch. 9. Recognize GTs. 10. Issues basepoints.

Maintaining Interchange Schedules

Generation Dispatch to Follow the Load Day-ahead (SCUC) – commits generation to load forecast and sufficient additional generation to meet reliability requirements (including reserve) Hour-ahead – in-day in advance of real time Off dispatch units are scheduled by the hour Transactions are scheduled by the hour Additional generation needed resulting from forced outages, external schedule changes or forecast error 5-minute – load following with on-dispatch units receiving 5-min. base points Six second – AGC with on-control units receiving 6-sec. base points respond to Area Control Error

SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE CONTINGENCY 1,200 MW What is needed in addition 10 MIN SYNC 30 MIN 600 MW min + 600 MW 10 MIN NON-SYNC What is needed in addition to 10 min SYNC (600) to total 1200 MW 10 MINUTE TOTAL 1,200 MW RESERVE REQUIREMENT: 1,800MW

NYISO Operating Reserve Consistent with NPCC Criteria and NYSRC Reliability rules, the NYCA must maintain sufficient operating reserve to withstand any loss of generation in the CA within design criteria NYCA Operating Reserve Requirement is 1 ½ times the largest contingency the largest source contingency is typically 1200 MW Operating Reserve is maintained in three catagories Ten minute Synchronous Reserve Total ten minute reserve Total 30 minute reserve

Reserve Requirements NYISO instituted – TO communicated Reserve Pick-up Payment based on following NYISO basepoints Energy dispatch based on economic selection, not necessarily units carrying reserve Performance penalties suspended “Max Gen” Pick-up Generation expected to produce at maximum capability – reimbursed for energy produced – no base points Performance penalties suspended. Selective Max Gen Pick-up Instituted on a zonal basis

Interaction with Transmission Owners Real-time security monitors loading of critical transmission facilities and paths NYISO coordinates facility switching for scheduled outages Coordinate response to emergency outages and/or contingency loss of facilities Coordinate EHV voltage profiles

Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings System Constraints Security Constraints Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings System Constraints

Frequency Frequency is an indicator of the “health” of the interconnection Sudden changes in frequency are signals of “things happening” somewhere Slow changes/small deviations in frequency generally indicate load/generation “trends” “Frequency is like the weather – everybody talks about it…”

Voltage Frequency Equipment Ratings System Constraints Security Constraints Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings System Constraints

Voltage Control NYISO coordinates the voltage profile on the EHV transmission system NYISO requests for reactive support relayed by TO to generators Report AVR outages to the NYISO NYISO directs switching of EHV connected shunt capacitors and reactors “Out of normal” operation of transmission regulation devices (SVCs, etc.)

Equipment Ratings Frequency Voltage System Constraints Security Constraints Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings System Constraints

Ratings of Facilities Transmission equipment ratings Tie-line Rating Guide (NYSRC) Line conductor (size, configuration) Transformer ratings Load & Interrupting Current ratings Breaker continuous (load) and interrupting (fault) CT, wavetrap, instrumentation ratings Bus conductor ampacity Generator capability and response rates Voltage ratings/limits - high and low

Ratings of Transmission Facilities Transmission equipment ratings Tie-line Rating Guide (NYSRC) Transmission line conductor Terminal equipment and bus section Ratings of jointly owned facilities Rating authority – real-time updates Transformers Self-cooled, forced cooled Tap-changing capability

Generator Equipment Ratings Generators required to perform periodic testing to demonstrate capability DMNC (seasonal) for real power for participation in the energy and ICAP Reactive capability testing (annual) for participation in the VSS Ancillary Service

Voltage Ratings/Limits NYISO Controlled/Secured Stations T&D or EO Manual, App. A-3 lists stations that NYISO monitors and secures Owner sets the post-contingency high/low voltage limits based on equipment ratings NYISO establishes pre-contingency high/low voltage limits to secure Prevent violation of post-contingency limit Pre-contingency limits determined by through system studies and approved

System Constraints Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings Security Constraints Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings System Constraints

Transmission System Constraints Thermal ratings Transient Stability Limits Station Voltage limits Voltage Constrained Transfers Locational Reserve requirements Local Reliability constraints

Transmission Interfaces Historically in NYCA we have used transmission interfaces to monitor and secure the system 6 internal interfaces Several have transient or voltage stability limits All are evaluated on a forecast seasonal basis 4 external interfaces (neighboring CAs) Monitor inter-Area schedules/transactions

Sprainbrook Dunwoodie New York State Transmission System (230 kV and above) Legend: 345 kV 500 kV 230 kV 765 kV Willis Millwood E. Garden City Shore Rd. Farragut Goethals E. Fishkill Roseton Coopers Corners Rock Tavern Buchanan Ramapo Rotterdam New Scotland Leeds Gilboa Fraser Stolle Rd. Meyer Hillside Alps Watercure Oakdale Adirondack Clay Lafayette Pannell Sta. 80 Somerset Niagara Huntley Dunkirk Oswego Complex Porter Marcy Edic Chateauguay Homer City Plattsburgh Moses Massena Pleasant Valley W49St/Rainey Sprainbrook Dunwoodie Moses-South Central East Dysinger East West Central Total East UPNY-ConEd NYC Cable Total East

NYISO Operating Interfaces Cross-State Interfaces Dysinger-East West-Central Moses-South Central East Total East UPNY-ConEd Sprain Brook/Dunwoodie-South (NYC Cable) Inter-Area Interfaces NYISO-IMO NYISO-ISO-NE NYISO-PJM NYISO-HQTE

Transmission System Constraints Station voltage limits Actions to prevent violation of pre-contingency voltage limits may include curtailing power transfers in the vicinity of the constraint Other constraints Maintaining operating reserve requirement Locational Reserve requirements Local Reliability constraints Local reliability rules

Solving Transmission Constraints NYISO Real-time dispatch will adjust generation to solve security constraints Can solve thermal rating (projected post-contingency overload) constraint for individual facilities Can solve interface constraint for Transient Stability Limits Voltage Stability (Collapse) Limits

Are we there yet? Are we there yet?

Summary The foundation for maintaining Reliability comes from the adequacy and security of: Frequency, Voltage, Reserve, Regulation, while respecting equipment and interface limits. The NYISO uses EMS applications to commit, schedule and dispatch generation, balance load to secure the system: Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) Balancing Market Evaluation (BME) Security Constrained Dispatch (SCD) and Automatic Generation Control (BME)

Yogi Berra “Why buy good luggage? You only use it when you travel.” …or “When you come to a fork in the road, take it.”