Smart Combination of Heating Modes for Improved Quality, Speed and Safety of Food Processing Ashim K. Datta, Cornell University Laurie D. Hall, Cambridge University
Introduction Aim: Faster Cooking Microwaves Non-Uniformity Combination Heating Speed and Quality
Goals How to combine the various modes of heating (microwave, infrared, hot air) in what sequence to obtain a desired temperature or moisture profile, thus relating to the quality of the cooked food? How do the combinations change as we change the composition, size and other characteristics of the food material?
Methodology Microwave Heating Model Combination Heating Model (Microwave with Infrared and/or Jet Impingement) MRI Measurement of Temperature and Moisture after combination heating Validation Optimization
Preliminary Results Combination microwave-infrared oven Specifications Infrared from top and bottom Microwaves from the side Advantium TM from General Electric, Louisville, Kentucky
Temperature Contours Microwave Heating –Edge –Internal Infrared Heating –Surface Combination Heating –Uniform
Combination microwave-jet impingement oven Specifications Infrared from top and bottom Microwaves from the side Thermador CJ302UB Double Jet from Enersyst Development Center, Dallas, Texas
Temperature Contours Microwave Heating Jet Impingement Heating Combination Heating
Heating Non-Uniformity Duration of Heating: 1 minDuration of Heating: 2 min MicrowaveJetCombination Mean RiseDifference/ Rise MicrowaveInfraredCombination Mean RiseDifference/ Rise
Oven 3 Mode Heating Method BroilUpper Element Speed Broil Upper Element, Fan, Microwave Bake Upper Element, Lower Element, Fan Speed Bake Back Element, Fan, Microwave GE Profile TM Single Wall Oven (Model JT930BHBB)
Oven 3 Ithaca, New York Microwave modeling Temperature measurements Property measurements Cambridge, UK MRI of temperature and moisture Synthesis of the models and experiments
Gel Heating TX151 powder mixed with water (1: 10), preconditioned NaCl added to change dielectric properties Gel samples heated in a 250 ml beaker on the oven middle rack 4 different heating modes: convection broil, bake, speed broil and speed bake
Computational Model SchematicMesh Tetrahedral Elements Total: 117,394 nodes Food: 19,221 nodes Difficulties –Complex Waveguide system –Solver node restrictions
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3-D temperature maps using Phase Mapping 2 Tesla, 100 cm bore magnet Matrix: 32 X 128 X 32 Resolution: X X mm Scan time: 51.2 s Procedure: Heating Temperature Contours MRI
Experimentations- Properties Thermal properties (KD2, Decagon Devices) Dielectric properties (HP85070 Probe, 8722ES Network Analyzer, Agilent Technologies) Heat transfer coefficients (HFS-3 Heat flux sensors, Fiber Optic Probe, FISO) Microwave-Infrared OvenMicrowave-Jet Impingement Oven
Results- Comparison of Modes 30 s of heating Sample without salt BroilSpeed Broil Computed MRI
Effect of Composition Bake (sample with salt)Bake (sample with no salt) Conventional Heating-- No effect Speed Bake (no salt)Speed Bake (salt) Microwave heating: Corners and bottom Effect aggravated when salt is present
Preliminary publication Datta, A. K., S.S.G. Geedipalli and M. Almeida Microwave combination heating. Food Technology. 59(1): Refereed journal publications are coming
Future Work Moisture: Model Development & MRI Experimentation
Thank You !!!