Application of risk assessment to access agricultural markets Example: Madagascar Katharina Stärk Swiss Federal Veterinary Office

Outline Trade principles under SPS Example Madagascar –Pig production Madagascar –Disease status –Risk assessment applied in this situation? Hypothetical

Trade under SPS rules Exporting country –Scientific evidence to document that imported goods do not impose larger health risk for local animal/human/plant population than product produced in importing country Aim of risk analysis –Provide importing country with objective and defensible method to assess risk

Pig population Madagascar

Pork production Mainly extensive, few specialised farmers

Introduction of ASF Suspect cases in early 1998 Diagnosis December 1998 FAO TCP started in 1999 –Diagnostic tools –Epidemiology –Surveillance –Control

Current disease situation Distribution (approx.) des suidés sauvages (Potamochoerus larvatus ) Zones indemnes de PPA (30/04/00 ) Tiques Ornithodoros porcinus (aire de distribution décrite entre 1960 et 1990) Tiques (aire connue 1960 –1990) & suidés sauvages Peste Porcine Africaine : SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE Avril 2000 Séroloies positives anticorps anti-tiques

Risk through trade? Pork? Beef? Other animal-derived products?

Trade prior to 1999 Pork to La Reunion (until 1988) Beef to European Union (until 1995) –lack of surveillance –lack of controls –lack of good veterinary services

Disease surveillance Reporting of signs of disease activity by livestock owners and veterinarians Active programme of examination of samples from within host populations to detect clinical signs or indications of disease occurrence OIE Animal Health Code 1999 Poste d‘observation in place Potential for development

Quality of veterinary services Bilateral between countries –mutual agreement on criteria Criteria –appropriate to circumstances –relevant to type of trade OIE Animal Health Code 1999

Concept of zoning Zone = part of country established for disease control Requirements Notifiable disease According to epidemiology of disease Effective boundaries Constant supervision (movement control) Effective veterinary service OIE Animal Health Code 1999

Disease-free zone Can be established if infection is still present All animal holdings officially known Investigation of suspect outbreaks Outbreaks reported to OIE Can be surrounded by surveillance zone Strict animal movement control Independent of import of animals from infected zones OIE Animal Health Code 1999

ASF-free zones Notifiable disease Effective borders Control / Surveillance of –Domestic pigs –Bush pigs ( Potamochoerus larvatus ) –Ticks ( Ornithodoros porcinus spp ) –Animal movements Additional safety measures –Export from ASF-free herds

Possible ASF-free zones Peste Porcine Africaine : SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE Avril 2000 List of holdings Movement control Identification of animals

ASF-free farms Re-stocking with ASF-free stock Isolation Biosafety measures –Animals, bush pigs, tick control –People –Feed Surveillance programme Identification

Risk assessment The OIE risk assessment model –Disease factors –Disease status of exporting country (country factors) Surveillance Disease-free zones Veterinary service –Products (commodity factors) Quantity Effect of processing OIE Animal Health Code 1999

Risk model: What can go wrong? ASF-free region ASF-free herd Yes No OK Processing - Surveillance - Barriers - Identification OK P(export)

Countries with (sporadic) reported ASF cases in 1998 or later 1999 ASF status Tanzania 2000

Conclusions Basis for risk assessment –Good veterinary service –Surveillance data Large flexibility Qualitative assessment sufficient Powerful tool for all countries