Animal Science Industry Chris Ellason

World Livestock and Poultry billions of animals: Chickens:14.1 Cattle & Buffalo:1.5 Sheep:1.1 Pigs:0.9 Goats:0.7 Horses & Mules:0.08

Food Production in the US billions of pounds produced, 2000: Milk:168 Broilers:30.8 Beef:25.4 Pork:18.6 Turkey:5.3 Eggs:4.7

Per Capita Consumption Beef  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs

Per Capita Consumption Pork  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs

Per Capita Consumption Lamb  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs

Per Capita Consumption Broilers  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs

Per Capita Consumption Fluid Milk and Cream  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs

Per Capita Consumption Cheese  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs  lbs

The Changing Industry

Farm Population  %  %  %  %  %  %

Farm Size  acres  acres  acres  acres  acres

When and How Farms Have Changed  Major shifts occurred in the 40’s and 50’s  Farms became more specialized  Increased efficiency as a result of specialization  In 1940 one farm could support 18.5 people  Today one farm can support 135 people

Why US Farms are so Productive  Our Economic System  Land and Climatic Conditions  Our Educational Systems  Specialized Agribusiness

Significant Agriculture Legislation  Morrill Act 1862  Provide a portion of federal land in each state to establish a college  Land-Grant College Act 1862  Established the “agricultural college” concept  Hatch Act 1887  Established research funding for Land-Grant colleges (Experiment station)  Smith - Lever Act 1914  Financed the county agent extension system to get research information to the people (Cooperative Extension)

Sources of Agricultural Information  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)  Established by the United Nations in 1945  Collects, evaluates, and disseminates information on world trends in food and population  Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)  Formed in 1972 to identify food-related issues and interpret related scientific research

Role of Animals  High Quality Protein Foodsource  Diet Palatability  Land Use and Conservation  Food Economy  Companion Animals

Concerns for Animal Production:  Can the earth’s land and water produce enough food for the growing population?  Should we feed animals as intermediaries in the food chain?  Why do humans “prefer” animal products in their diet?

Beef Industry  Seedstock Producers  Commercial Cow-Calf Producers  Yearling/Stocker Operator

Seedstock  Purebred producers  Concerned with genetics  Concerned with appearance  Body composition  Color  Show cattle

Cow-Calf Production  Involves some 33 million head of beef cows distributed throughout the country  Most are concentrated in areas where forage is abundant  16 states have over 700,000 hd each  75% of the US total  Approx. 60% of the 850,000 beef cattle operations have less than 50 hd per operation

US Beef Cow Operations and Inventory Operations Inventory Herd Size (No. Cows) Percent of Total

Stocker/Yearling Production  Cattle are fed for growth prior to their going into the feedlot for finishing  Primary basis is to market available forage and high-roughage feeds  Grass, crop residue, wheat pasture, silage  More desirable for early maturing cattle  Larger framed, later maturing cattle are more efficient and profitable if they go directly into the feedlot

Stocker/Yearling Production Packer Feedlot Weaned Cattle Wintered or Custom Lot Summer Grazing Wintered Summer Grazing

Feedlot  Cattle fed in small pens where feed is brought to them on a daily basis  Approx. 23 million feedlot cattle are fed in various states  Fed a high grain diet  95% of feedlot cattle are fed in feedlots with over 1000 head capacity  A few have capacities over 100,000 head

Beef Industry  Feeders  Packers  Retailers  Consumers

Dairy Industry  Larger Farms Dominate  9% of Dairies produce over 1/2 total milk  70% of the US dairy herd is concentrated in large dairies of over 100 cows  These dairies represent just 20% of all US dairies  Movement of dairies  Specialization of Farms  Feeding systems

Horse Industry  1997 approximately 6.9 million horses in US  Used primarily as recreation or companion animal  43% recreational activities  29% show  10% racing  Remainder used for rodeos and work  In 1997, 200,000 Horses slaughter in US  How many are slaughtered today?

Poultry Industry  Dramatic changes in 60’s and 70’s  Integration  Corporate owned operations  Control of all segments of the growing and processing is by one company

Broiler Production  Most are contract grown for a company  ConAgra  Tyson  Pilgrims  Operator owns houses, equipment and furnishes labor  Contractor furnishes, birds, feed, field service, dressing and marketing

Broiler Production  Payment is made in relation to a group of producers assigned as a contemporary group  The better the operation does in relation to its contemporaries the higher the bonuses

Sheep and Goat Industry  Versatile and efficient, especially in developing countries  Tend to be more well adapted to arid tropical climates than cattle  Often grazed in tandem with cattle because they utilize different forage sources

Sheep and Goat Industry  Goats tend to be more efficient browsers  Sheep prefer short grasses and some broadleaf weeds and other plants  World sheep numbers in 1999 were the highest on record  Primarily in China, Australia, India, Iran and New Zealand

Sheep and Goat Industry  Purebred breeders  Commercial market lamb producers  Commercial feedlots

Swine Industry  Beginning to go the direction of the poultry industry  Corporate contracted growing  China is far and away the leader in swine numbers  As in dairy industry farm number is declining while production increases

Swine Industry  Four major swine operations  Feeder pig production  Feeder pig finishing  Farrow to finish  Seedstock producer

Other Significant Animal Industries  Aquaculture  Bison  Elk  Wildlife

Adaptation  Adaptation – the sum of the adjustments that occur in an organism that promotes its welfare and survival in a specific environment  Agricultural animals must have the ability to adapt to both the natural and man made environments  The symbiotic relationship is key in domestication of animals

5 Classes of Stresses  Climatic  Nutritional  Internal  Geographical  Social

3 Ways to Change or React to Stressors  Morphological or anatomical changes  Physiological changes  Behavioral changes

Biotechnology and New Advancements  Bovine Somatotropin (bST)  Sexed Semen  Gene Splicing - DNA manipulation  Embryo Transfer, splitting, freezing  Bypass nutrients  Enzyme feeding  Taste alterations by feedstuffs

Animal Science Disciplines  Nutrition  Reproductive Physiology  Animal Health  Environmental Physiology  Genetics  Environmental Sciences  Food Science and Technology

Jobs in Animal Science  College Professor  Veterinarian  Consulting Nutritionist  Meat Inspector  Feed Company Sales/Nutrition  Animal Health Sales/R&D  Allied Industry Sales/R&D

Jobs in Animal Science  Graduate School  Extension Service  Ag Teacher  USDA  State Chemist Departments  Natural Resources Management