How Clean is Your Air and What Can You Do About It Denis Corr, Ph. D. Corr Research Upwind Downwind Conference

Acknowledgements Clean Air Hamilton Green Venture Julie Wallace, Ph. D. J. Wallace Associates Pat DeLuca Centre for Spatial Analysis McMaster University

Mobile Monitoring of Neighbourhoods in Hamilton,

A i r Q u a l i t y M o n i t o r i n g S p e c i a l i s t s ROTEK City Air Quality Trends TSP PM2.5 NO2 SO2 DowntownIndustry

1952 Great Fog, London, England 11,000 deaths 1952 Great Fog, London, England 11,000 deaths

Epidemiology

Current Summary of Percent Changes in Acute Mortality per 10 Units of Pollutant Talar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD, Senes 2012 Air Pollutant NT Mortality (changes per 10 pollution units) Respiratory Hospital Admissions (changes per 10 pollution units) Cardiovascular Hospital Admissions (changes per 10 pollution units) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) *0.7 SO 2 (ppb) * NO 2 (ppb) *0.94 CO (ppm) * O 3 (ppb) *0.2

Deaths from Air Pollution Each Year

Deaths from Air Pollution Each Year (Ontario Medical Association 2008) Toronto 2,100 Peel700 Hamilton Hamilton Halton330

Health Effects/Mortality Health Effects/Mortality Exposure to PM2.5 over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease–related mortality and nonfatal events; Longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent Greater risk may include the elderly, patients with preexisting coronary artery disease, and perhaps those with diabetes. Recent data suggest that women and obese individuals might also be at higher risk. Brook et al, Circulation 2010, 121: : 80% of mortality is in over 65 year old group Ontario Medical association 2008 For every $ of govt funds to reduce air pollution exposures, approx $50 to $150 is saved in the health care system and productivity Corr Research 2012

Air Quality Health Index

How Clean is Your Air? Not Clean Enough

Turning Science into Action

Mobile Monitoring What and where Is the air pollution Affecting the health Of the people of Hamilton

Mobile Command Centre

Instrument Rack Mounts

Equipment for Mobile Monitoring Mobile platform with minimum 30 amp electrical supply and A/C Mobile platform with minimum 30 amp electrical supply and A/C Carbon Monoxide Continuous Monitor Carbon Monoxide Continuous Monitor Nitrogen Oxides Continuous Monitor Nitrogen Oxides Continuous Monitor Sulphur Dioxide Continuous Monitor Sulphur Dioxide Continuous Monitor Particulate Continuous Monitor Particulate Continuous Monitor Two GPS Two GPS Data Collection and Handling Data Collection and Handling Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems

Industry

Emission Sources by Regions in Hamilton Flamborough /Waterdown East Mtn NE Ind Stny Crk

National Pollutant Release Inventory Total Point Source Emissions by Contaminant COSO x NO x PM 10 30,63211,8758,1882,010 Tonnes

What We’d Expect to See Carbon Monoxide – 66% Transportation, 23% Industry Carbon Monoxide – 66% Transportation, 23% Industry Sulphur Dioxide – 92% Industry, 5% Transportation Sulphur Dioxide – 92% Industry, 5% Transportation Nitrogen Oxides – 57% Transportation, 37% Industry Nitrogen Oxides – 57% Transportation, 37% Industry PM 10 – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% Industry PM 10 – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% Industry Note: MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as a major problem

NO ppb Residential Sample Industry Wind

(Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction, A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004 Traffic Exposure and Myocardial Infarction

Traffic Modelling Julie Wallace, CSPA, McMaster

NO March 9 th 2007 Traffic Industry

School Study Morning – Idling Vehicles

Monitoring Vehicle at School

Natural Experiment ppb

Afternoon – Vehicle Engines Off

Trackout/Diesel Trucks

PM10 ROAD DUST Ben Garden, Savas Kanaroglou, Pat DeLuca, Spatial analysis Unit, McMaster University Industry

Workshop Dec Trackout/Road Dust Reduction 50 attendees including industries, suppliers and government staff 50 attendees including industries, suppliers and government staff

Particulate Before After P. DeLuca, CSPA

Noise Barriers Air quality improvement effects

Noise Barrier Effect Highway Downwind Noise Barrier QEW No Noise Barrier

Noise Barrier

Total Health Effects of Traffic + Mapping

McMaster Institute of Environment and Health A Public Health Assessment ofMortality and Hospital Admissions Attributable to Air Pollution in Hamilton Prepared by:Talar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD and Michael Jerrett, PhD School of Geography and Geology May, 2003

Wind Health Close-up Centennial/Queensto n 15% mortality increase

SW Health Impacts– PM10 less than 500 Wind

NE – Aggregated Health Impact Wind

Neighbourhood Air Quality Hamilton

Background

Other partners : Conserver Society - community/source identification Green Venture - community co- ordination/support Rotek Environmental Inc. - air monitoring/logistics/ data analysis/support Ministry of Environment – monitoring equipment/vehicle Hamilton Public Health – community identification

Methodology:- Measure individual pollutants Calculate health impacts Sum for total impact Methodology:- Measure individual pollutants Calculate health impacts Sum for total impact

Summary of Percent Changes in Acute Mortality per 10 Units of Pollutant Talar Sahsuvaroglu, PhD, Senes 2012 Air Pollutant NT Mortality (changes per 10 pollution units) Respiratory Hospital Admissions (changes per 10 pollution units) Cardiovascular Hospital Admissions (changes per 10 pollution units) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) *0.7 SO 2 (ppb) * NO 2 (ppb) *0.94 CO (ppm) * O 3 (ppb) *0.2

Program: Neighbourhood meetings, including site choices Neighbourhood mobile air quality monitoring 5 Neighbourhoods to be targeted Discussion/explanation of data Publication and reporting of findings to the public.

Suggested Monitoring Targets Mid Mountain (Fennel to Mohawk), Gourley (Garth, Mohawk, West 5th, Stonechurch),Limeridge Mall Rymal and Paradise, Meadowlands, Sanford School (North End), Gage / Kenilworth....Mtn to Burlington St Delta West, Eva Rothwell Centre (460 Wentworth North) McAnulty Blvd / Grenfell St (North of Centre Mall off Kenilworth, near St. Christopher) /Cope St Beach Blvd / Van Wagner’s Beach / Riverdale East (check QEW highway impacts), Sam Manson Park (Nash and Kentley), Dundas (Pleasant, Littlejohn, Pleasant Valley) /Westdale, Strathcona, Kirkendall, Durand, Jones Rd / Arvin Ave (Stoney Creek) Red Hill, Neighbourhood Associations, Proposed Big Box Stores

Neighbourhoods Monitored Dundas Limeridge Mall Near Mountain Delta Lawrence Ave to Burlington St North West End Eva Rothwell Centre McAnulty Blvd Beach Blvd/Eastport Dr Jones Rd/Arvin Ave Neighbourhoods Monitored Dundas Limeridge Mall Near Mountain Delta Lawrence Ave to Burlington St North West End Eva Rothwell Centre McAnulty Blvd Beach Blvd/Eastport Dr Jones Rd/Arvin Ave

Which neighbourhoods have above average impacts?

James St N. Victoria St. Burltn

McAnulty Blvd

Wentworth N

QEW Jones Barton Arvin Stoney Creek QEW

Beach Blvd Eastport Dr

Lincoln Alexander Expy

Conclusions Air pollutants impact all neighbourhoods in Hamilton Estimated mortality risk increases range from 2.5 to 7.7 % Particulate and Oxides of Nitrogen are main causes Highways, arterial roads are highest risk 12% Conclusions Air pollutants impact all neighbourhoods in Hamilton Estimated mortality risk increases range from 2.5 to 7.7 % Particulate and Oxides of Nitrogen are main causes Highways, arterial roads are highest risk 12%

So what can we do? So what can we do?

Mobile Command Centre

Personal (How do I avoid becoming a statistic ) Personal (How do I avoid becoming a statistic ) Get outside.... But... Stay in cleaner areas Reduce personal exposure Jog/walk/cycle in residential areas Stay upwind of roads/intersections where possible Put car ventilation system on recycle before you go on the highway Take the GO Train or least polluting options Phone/ /write municipal, provincial, federal decision makers to make air quality a priority

Municipal Municipal Aggressive road cleaning Enforce dust trackout/anti idling bylaws Develop pedestrian/cycling/electric assist routes Continue Green Fleet options for own and other fleets Health Unit promote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposures Support AQHI local mapping Enhance air monitoring (including mobile) Support community air quality improvement initiatives Lobby other levels of government to make air quality a priority Promote rational, science based decision making

Provincial Upgrade air standards, add Nitric Oxide standard Control emissions, industrial, automotive and trucks Promote natural gas use, particularly for heavy trucks Provide natural gas refuelling at all highway gas stations and weigh scales Prioritize all day GO Train service and Light Rail Transit Continue aggressive Green Fleet options for own and other fleets Promote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposures Support AQHI local mapping Enhance air monitoring (including mobile)

Provincial Support community air quality improvement initiatives Lobby other levels of government to make air quality a priority Promote rational, science based decision making

Federal Increment vehicle emission standards Push towards natural gas fuelling of heavy trucks Promote Air Quality Health Index and outreach for behavioural change to reduce personal exposures Support AQHI local mapping Enhance air monitoring (including mobile) Support community air quality improvement initiatives Lobby other levels of government to make air quality a priority Promote rational, science based decision making

A i r Q u a l i t y M o n i t o r i n g S p e c i a l i s t s ROTEK City Air Quality Trends TSP PM2.5 NO2 SO2

Continuous Improvement Community Involvement